Shock definition

Balk RA. Severe sepsis and septic shock Definitions, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations. Crit Care Clin 2000 16 179-192. 

The systematic study of piezochromism is a relatively new field. It is clear that, even within the restricted definition used here, many more systems win be found which exhibit piezochromic behavior. It is quite possible to find a variety of potential appUcations of this phenomenon. Many of them center around the estimation of the pressure or stress in some kind of restricted or localized geometry, eg, under a localized impact or shock in a crystal or polymer film, in such a film under tension or compression, or at the interface between bearings. More generally it conveys some basic information about inter- and intramolecular interactions that is useful in understanding processes at atmospheric pressure as well as under compression. 

The study clearly shows that the observed electrical signals are electrochemical in origin, and the first-order description of the process is consistent with that expected from atmospheric pressure behaviors. Nevertheless, the complications introduced by the shock compression do not permit definitive conclusions on values of electrochemical potentials without considerable additional work. 

Use of the term mean-bulk temperature is to define the model from which temperatures are computed. In shock-compression modeling, especially in porous solids, temperatures computed are model dependent and are without definition unless specification of assumptions used in the calculations is given. The term mean-bulk temperature describes a model calculation in which the compressional energy is uniformly distributed throughout the sample without an attempt to specify local effects. In the energy localization case, it is well known that the computed temperatures can vary by an order of magnitude depending on the assumptions used in the calculation. 

Perhaps the most definitive result to come from the early nickel-aluminia synthesis work was the thermal analysis investigation of Hammetter [88HO 88W01], which showed explicit data on substantial changes in the shockec-but-unreacted mixtures. Differential thermal analysis was carried out on th -starting powder compacts of both the mechanically mixed and composite powders. Shocked and unreacted powders were compared to provide direc evidence for substantial changes introduced by the shock process. 

However, serious difficulties appeared later when efforts were made to attack more general problems not necessarily of the nearly-linear character. In terms of the van der Pol equation this occurs when the parameter is not small. Here the progress was far more difficult and the results less definite moreover there appeared two distinct theories, one of which was formulated by physicists along the lines of the theory of shocks in mechanics, and the other which was analytical and involved the use of the asymptotic expansions (Part IV of this chapter). The latter, however, turned out to be too complicated for practical purposes, and has not been extended sufficiently to be of general usefulness. 

Temperature, shock, shockwaves, friction and light may be the physical agency of instability. Unsaturated organic substances can sometimes undergo violent chemical transformations under the influence of some of these but do not come within the above definition. In these specific cases, dangerous chemical reactions, which often involve catalytic impurities, are the cause and are treated in chapter 4 as dangerous reactions . 

Sepsis is a continuum of physiologic stages characterized by infection, systemic inflammation, and hypoperfusion with widespread tissue injury.1 The American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine developed definitions to utilize for sepsis (Table 79—l).2 They provide physiologic parameters categorizing patients as having bacteremia, infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, or multiple-organ-dysfunction syndrome (MODS).2 Standardized definitions have been developed for infections in critically ill patients.3... 

Desire. I should recognize it for what it is. No good pretending. Some trick of fatigue or grief or delayed shock or affection. Desire. No less but no more. Definitely no more. 

On the other hand, cell immobilization on carriers definitively improves bioreactor efficiency. Cell aggregation in a biofilm structure increases process stability and tolerance to shock loadings. A proper selection of operating conditions allows... 

CDC Case Definition A mosquito-borne viral illness characterized by acute onset and constitutional symptoms followed by a brief remission and a recurrence of fever, hepatitis, albuminuria, and symptoms and, in some instances, renal failure, shock, and generalized hemorrhages. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater rise in yellow fever antibody titer in a patient who has no history of recent yellow fever vaccination and cross-reactions to other flaviviruses have been excluded or (2) demonstration of yellow fever virus, antigen, or genome in tissue, blood, or other body fluid. 

But, this is not the usual physics definition, which instead uses the term spalling to cover all failures induced by intense wave transmission and reflections within solids. We use the more general physics definition. References 25-27 give good descriptions of the physics of shock transmission through solids, and spalling processes. 

Problem definition You are shocked when the plant technical director tells you that her question was not what caused the failures at the plant, but rather how do we ensure consistent output from the plant. ... 

The design of support structures (not covered by this Code) and of supporting elements (see definitions of piping and pipe-supporting elements in para. GR-1.5) shall be based on all concurrently acting loads transmitted into such supports. These loads, defined in para. IP-2.1, include weight effects, loads introduced by service pressures and temperatures, vibration, wind, earthquake, shock, and displacement strain [see para. IP-6.1.3(a)]. 

It was a hue shock to Astrid and myself when we learned last Sunday night that Hitoshi has passed away. This is a tremendous loss for our whole community. As yon correctly state, we had seen him in Tokyo twice, namely at October 12 and 13, when he attended both of my lectures. He was in good mood and spirit and we had in fact intense scientific discnssions about the chelate effect and this continued until November 3, when he sent me his last mail. We all definitely lost a veiy dear friend. Of conrse, Astrid and I have immediately written to his wife Ei... and as you say, at this time we can only pray for his sonl. 

The currently available percutaneously implanted pumps offer short term ventricular support only. They have been mostly used in acute cardiogenic shock to provide acute hemodynamic stability before another definitive therapy like revascularization, surgical LVAD, or transplantation. Following is a description of the currently available percuatneous LVADs. 

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