Ships emissions

Capaldo, K., Corbett, J. Kasibhatla, P., Fischbeck, P., and Pandis, S. N. (1999). Effects of ship emissions on sulphur cycling and radiative climate forcing over the ocean. Nature, 400, 743-746. 

FIGURE 14-44 Effect of ship emissions on (a) cloud number concentration, N, (b) effective cloud droplet radius, / cM, (c) cloud liquid water content, LWC, and (d, e) down- and upwelling radiation at (d) 744 nm and (e) 2.2 /im (adapted from King el al., 1993). 

Pandolfi M, Gonzalez-Catanedo Y, Alastuey A, de la Rosa JD, Mantilla E, Querol X, Pey J, Amato F, Moreno T (2011) Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in the strait of Gibraltar by PMF impact of shipping emissions. Env Sci Poll Res 18 260-269... 

Keywords Aerosol, Emission sources, Greece, Mediterranean Basin, Particulate matter, Road dust, Sahara dust, Secondary aerosol, Ship emissions... 

The Mediterranean Basin is highly influenced by shipping emissions due to its extremely busy shipping routes. These emissions may account for 2 1% of the mean annual ambient air PM10 levels (25% primary particles and 75% secondary particles) and for 14% of the mean annual PM2.5 in Mediterranean urban areas [51]. It has been estimated that 54% of the total sulphate aerosol column burden over the Mediterranean in summer originates from ship emissions [52],... 

Studies on ship emissions have been carried out mainly in harbour areas and coastal cities in the Western Mediterranean Basin by aerosol chemical analysis and... 

Marmer E, Langmann B (2005) Impact of ship emissions on the Mediterranean summertime pollution and climate a regional model study. Atmos Environ 39 4659-4669... 

Tzannatos E (2010) Ship emissions and their externalities for Greece. Atmos Environ 44 2194-2202... 

The ocean as a source of atmospheric NO , is negligible Based on the data by Zafiriou and McFarland (1981), Logan (1983) estimated an annual source of 0.5 Tg N. Moreover, the ocean can act as a sink for tropospheric via wet and dry deposition. Duce et at. (1991) estimated that a total of 0.04 Tg N yr is deposited, however, their estimate did not include ships emissions (see above). 

Linking emissions trading schemes for international aviation and shipping emissions ERIK HAITES... 

Keywords aviation emissions bunker fueis carbon market CDM emissions trading schemes linking maritime emissions shipping emissions... 

International aviation and shipping emissions are large and growing rapidly. Estimates of carbon dioxide emissions by international aviation for 2000 range between 400 and 675 MtCO (den Elzen et al., 2007, p.22, Box 2) Macintosh and Wallace, 2009, p.267). They are projected to grow at 2.0-4.5% per year to 2030 (Olsthoorn, 2001 Macintosh and Wallace, 2009). Emissions of other contaminants at altitude by aircraft exacerbate the climate impact by a factor of 1.7-5.1. Carbon... 

Based on CO emissions alone, international aviation and shipping emissions together would rank as the sixth largest emitter among the countries of the world, about the same as those of India. If the effects of other aircraft emissions are included, international aviation and shipping emissions would move into fifth place, with emissions similar to those of Japan. 

The European Union will extend its emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) to cover international aviation emissions associated with flights to and from Member States beginning in 2012. It is planning to add international shipping emissions to the scheme in 2013. Other countries may also include international aviation and shipping emissions in their emissions trading schemes. 

One or more domestic emissions trading schemes, such as the EU ETS, that cover some international aviation and/or shipping emissions as well as emissions by other sources. 

Emissions trading schemes that cover some or all international aviation emissions (possibly administered by ICAO) and some or all international shipping emissions (possibly administered by IMO). 

This article examines issues raised by linking a trading scheme that covers international aviation and/or shipping emissions with trading schemes covering other emission sources. 

The next section provides a brief history of attempts to manage international aviation and shipping emissions. Section 3 reviews the feasibility of managing these emissions at the international level. Options for schemes that include international aviation and shipping emissions to link with other trading schemes are analysed in Section 4. Section 5 concludes. 

During the 1990s, discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) focused on how to allocate international aviation and shipping emissions to Parties. Agreement on an allocation has not been possible. As part of the Kyoto Protocol, they agreed to pursue limitation or reduction of emissions from aviation and maritime bunker fuels through... 

After more than 10 years of discussions, there has been no progress on a method of allocating international aviation and shipping emissions to Parties because countries that would have been allocated substantial emissions from bunker fuels would find themselves disadvantaged in their mitigation efforts (Oberthiir, 2003). 

Differential regulation of the international emissions attributed to Annex I and non-Annex I Parties would induce behaviour that shifts emissions from Annex I to non-Annex I Parties -leakage - and hence reduce the effectiveness of the efforts to limit emissions. Such behaviour may be economically inefficient as well. Consistent treatment of all international aviation/ shipping emissions is the only way to avoid leakage and economic inefficiency due to differential regulation. 

Domestic initiatives to cover internationai aviation/shipping emissions... 

Current trends suggest two options for management of international aviation and shipping emissions - a multiplicity of domestic policies or international management under ICAO and IMO. This section discusses the feasibility of emissions trading for international aviation and shipping emissions operated by ICAO and IMO. ... 

---