Regional model

Taha, H. Konopacki, S. and Gabersek, S. (1999). "Impacts of Large-Scale Surface Modifications on Meteorological Conditions and Energy Use A 10-Region Modeling Study. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 62 (3-4) 175-185. 

Fig. 6 Environmental compartments and contaminant fate processes in region i of the BETR linked regional model framework as described by MacLeod et al. [64]...

Figure 23.5 Schematic representation of two-region model for fluidized bed...

A one-parameter model, termed the bubbling-bed model, is described by Kunii and Levenspiel (1991, pp. 144-149,156-159). The one parameter is the size of bubbles. This model endeavors to account for different bubble velocities and the different flow patterns of fluid and solid that result. Compared with the two-region model, the Kunii-Levenspiel (KL) model introduces two additional regions. The model establishes expressions for the distribution of the fluidized bed and of the solid particles in the various regions. These, together with expressions for coefficients for the exchange of gas between pairs of regions, form the hydrodynamic + mass transfer basis for a reactor model. 

The advection scheme of the regional model is improved to take into account the surface orography. Terrain following vertical structure of the model domain with higher resolution was incorporated. Wet removal of heavy metals from the atmosphere was enhanced by developing newparameterizations of precipitation scavenging. Both in-cloud and sub-cloud wet removal were modified on the basis of the up-to-date scientific literature data. 

Assessments of atmospheric pollution have been made by the regional (MSCE-HM) and the hemispherical (MSCE-HM-Hem) transport models developed in MSC-E (Ilyin et al 2004). The regional model covers the EMEP region (European domain) with the spatial resolution of 50 x 50 km the hemispheric model describes the atmospheric transport within the Northern Hemisphere with the spatial resolution of 2.5 x 2.5 . The main outputs of the modeling include data on heavy metal concentration in the air and precipitation as well as levels of deposition to the surface. Since the negative impact of heavy metals on human health and biota is mainly attributed to their long-term accumulation in environmental media, particular attention has been given to the assessment of their depositions from the atmosphere. 

Consequently, regional model constraints are focused on spot sales. The spot sales turnover is the sum of regional spot sales quantities and the spot... 

Two-Region Models. Recognizing that the bubbling bed consists of two rather distinct zones, the bubble phase and the emulsion phase, experimenters spent much effort in developing models based on this fact. Since such models contain six parameters, see Fig. 20.7, many simplifications and special cases have been explored (eight by 1962,15 by 1972, and over two dozen to date), and even the complete six-parameter model of Fig. 20.7 has been used. The users of this model. 

Fig. 26. General two-region model of a fluidized bed. Fluid is in dispersed plug flow in both regions. The six parameters of this model are m, x, Vi, vi, Di, and Dz (L13).

The elbow in the herringbone pattern and the U connections are ways to relieve the surface strain created by the 22 X reconstructions. Near the elbow and the U connection, the atomic arrangement is different from the uniaxial regions. Models have been proposed based on energetics considerations (Barth et al., 1990 Chambliss ct al., 1991a). In the high-resolution... 

These chemical submodels are then incorporated into more comprehensive models of the type shown schematically in Fig. 16.17. These can vary from relatively simple box models to large-scale regional models, briefly described in the following text. 

In practice, models are usually run to simulate a multiday episode. In this case, the effect of the initial concentrations is reduced in the later days of the simulation due to the chemistry and transport that takes place, but their effect can be detected on day 2 and sometimes on day 3 of the simulation. The assumed boundary conditions, however, can be more important since they represent direct transport into the region. When one models the effects of future control strategies, there are a number of possible assumptions one can use for boundary conditions. For example, one could decrease the emissions in the modeling region but assume that the boundary conditions remain the same, or alternatively, the boundary conditions could be proportionately decreased if it is assumed that the emissions reductions in the region modeled also apply to sources outside the region that are transported in. 

The interfacial diffusion model of Scott, Tung, and Drickamer is somewhat open to criticism in that it does not take into account the finite thickness of the interface. This objection led Auer and Murbach (A4) to consider a three-region model for the diffusion between two immiscible phases, the third region being an interface of finite thickness. These authors have solved the diffusion equations for their model for several special cases their solutions should be of interest in future analysis of interphase mass transfer experiments. 

Simonneau, Isern 1987 Simonneau, Isern, Lopez 1987). This two region model gives the relationship ... 

Schaap M, Manders AMM, Hendriks ECJ, Cnossen JM, Segers AJS, Denier van der Gon HAC, Jozwicka M, Sauter FJ, Velders GJM, Matthijsen J, Builtjes PJH (2009) Regional modelling of particulate matter for the Netherlands, www.pbl.nl... 

Marmer E, Langmann B (2005) Impact of ship emissions on the Mediterranean summertime pollution and climate a regional model study. Atmos Environ 39 4659-4669... 

Marini, J. C., Lewis, M. B., Wang, Q., Chen, K. J., and Orrison, B. M. (1993). Serine for glycine substitutions in type I collagen in two cases of type IV osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Additional evidence for a regional model of OI pathophysiology. J Biol. Chem. 268, 2667-2673. 

Based on the use of the NARCM regional model of climate and formation of the field of concentration and size distribution of aerosol, Munoz-Alpizar et al. (2003) calculated the transport, diffusion, and deposition of sulfate aerosol using an approximate model of the processes of sulfur oxidation that does not take the chemical processes in urban air into account. However, the 3-D evolution of microphysical and optical characteristics of aerosol was discussed in detail. The results of numerical modeling were compared with observational data near the surface and in the free troposphere carried out on March 2, 4, and 14, 1997. Analysis of the time series of observations at the airport in Mexico City revealed low values of visibility in the morning due to the small thickness of the ABL, and the subsequent improvement of visibility as ABL thickness increased. Estimates of visibility revealed its strong dependence on wind direction and aerosol size distribution. Calculations have shown that increased detail in size distribution presentation promotes a more reliable simulation of the coagulation processes and a more realistic size distribution characterized by the presence of the accumulation mode of aerosol with the size of particles 0.3 pm. In this case, the results of visibility calculations become more reliable, too. 

Supplementing these models with a higher resolution nest of regional models. 

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