Shellfish poisoning toxins analysis

Figure 5.59 Molecular structures of the diarrhetic shellfish poisons (a) pectenotoxin-6 (PTX6) (b) okadaic acid (OA) (c) dinophysistoxin-1 (DTXl) (d) yessotoxin (YTX). Reprinted from J. Chromatogr., A, 943, Matrix effect and correction by standard addition in quantitative liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins , Ito, S. and Tsukada, K., 39-46, Copyright (2002), with permission from Elsevier Science.

Cordier, S., et al.. Ecological analysis of digestive cancer mortality related to contamination by diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins along the coasts of France, Em. Res., 84, 2, 145, 2000. 

Ito, S. and Tsukada, K., Matrix effect and correlation by standard addition in quantitative liquid chromatographic spectrometric analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, J. Chromatogr., 943, 39 16, 2002. 

P. Thibault, Ionspray mass spectrometry of marine toxins. III. Analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by flow-injection analysis, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 6, 14-24 (1992). 

Quilliam, M.A., and Ross, N.W. 1996. Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and metabolites in plankton and shellfish by ion-spray liquid chromatography-mass specfi omefiy hi Biochemical and Biotechnological Applications of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, ed. Snyder, A.P. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 351-364. 

Usup, G., Leaw, C. P., Cheah, M. Y, Ahmad, A. and Ng, B. K. Analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin congeners by a sodium channel receptor binding assay. Toxicon, 44, 37 3 (2004). 

Meriluoto, J., and Spoof, L., Analysis of microcystins by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. In TOXIC Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis. Meriluoto, J. and Codd, G.A. (Eds.), Turku Abo Akademi University Press, Finland, 2005, p. 77. Pleasance, S., Quilliam, M.A. and Marr, J.C. lonspray mass spectrometry of marine toxins. IV. Determination of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in mussel tissue by LC-MS. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 6, 121, 1992. 

Gago-Martmez, A. et al.. Effect of pH on the oxidation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins for analysis by liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A., 905, 351, 2001. 

AOAC, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish, prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, first action 2005, method 2005.06, in Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, p. 83, 2006. 

Quitham, M. (1995) Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish tissue by hquid chromatography with fluorometric and mass spectrometric detection. Journal ofAOAC International, 78, 2, 555-573. 

This nonsystematic approach to monitoring has proven inadequate for protecting the U.S. food supply. In response, the FDA enacted the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program of 1997 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1995, 2001). In the U.S., the FDA has established action levels in suspect seafood for the toxins causing some of the shellfish poisonings (see Table 7.3). When an action level is reached, the HACCP plan must be followed to prevent unsafe product from reaching consumers. 

CE analysis with direct UV absorbance detection at 200 nm has been described for the separation and detection of underivatized toxins, including saxitoxin, associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (27). Confirmation of the electrophoretic peaks was made by CE/ESI/MS. Saxitoxin and neosaxi-toxin (NEO) were separated using a 20 mM sodium citrate buffer at pH 2.1 yielding a mass LOD of 15 pg (5 xM) for saxitoxin. 

HP Van Egmond, T Aune, P Lassus, GJA Speijers, M Waldock. Paralytic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisons ocurrence in Europe, toxicity, analysis and regulation. J. Nat. Toxins 2(1) 41-79, 1993. 

Dell Aversano, C., Hess, R, and Quilliam, M.A., Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, J. Chromatogr. A, 1081, 190, 2005. 

Because it is only relatively recently that the chemical nature of shellfish poisons has become known, new tests that can chemically detect the toxins have also only recently been developed. The analysis of OA group toxins usually involves determination of both the free and esterified toxin, or the hydrolysis of the esterified toxins back to free toxins, and the analysis of total toxin content. When hydrolysis is completed, both free toxin and free plus esterified ( total ) toxin can be determined. In this case, the proportion of esterified toxin can be calculated by subtracting the free toxin from the total toxin result. 

Suzuki T, QuiUiam MA. LC—MS/MS analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, okadaic add and dinophysistoxin analogues, and other lipophilic toxins. Anal... 

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