Diarrheic shellfish poisoning

Cordier, S., et al.. Ecological analysis of digestive cancer mortality related to contamination by diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins along the coasts of France, Em. Res., 84, 2, 145, 2000. 

Heredia-Tapia, A., et al.. Isolation of Prorocentrum lima (S5U1. Exuviaella lima) and diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) risk assessment in the Gulf of California, Mexico, Toxicon, 40, 8, 1121, 2002. 

Holmes, M., Teo, S.L. and Khoo, H.W., Detection of diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins from tropical shellfish using liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry, Nat. Toxins., 1, 6, 361, 1999. 

Kumagai, M., et al., Okadaic acid as the causative toxin of diarrheic shellfish poisoning in Europe, Agric. Biol. Chem., 50, 2853, 1986. 

Finally, it is necessary to underline the versatility of the approach. By selecting the appropriate enzyme, biosensors for other toxins can be developed. In this direction, our group has started the development of an enzyme sensor for okadaic acid, a marine toxin produced by toxigenic dinoflagellates and implicated in the diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). 

Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). Human poisonings were first identified in the 1960s. It causes sickness in humans lasting several days but is not fatal. It is caused by chemicals of the okadaic acid family (okadaic acid+ 4 related compounds) produced by several species of Dinophysis dinoflagellates. The main contamination problems include mussels, clams, and other bivalves of the cold and warm temperate areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, mainly in Japan and Europe. Only two cases of DSP have been documented in North America. 

The clinical symptoms caused by azaspiracid poisoning in humans are similar to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and to bacterial enterotoxin poisoning. Because of the similarity of the gastrointestinal symptoms induced by this new toxin and the well characterized DSP (diarrheic shellfish poisoning) toxins in humans, azaspiracids have been classified at times in the diarrheic toxin group. However, when the chemical stmcture of this new toxin was identified as a completely different molecule from DSP toxins, this toxic syndrome was named azaspiracid poisoning (AZP). 

Diarrheic shellfish poisoning caused by okadaic acid is a gastrointestinal illness without chronic se-quellae. There is no evidence of neurotoxicity and no fatal cases have ever been reported. Diarrhea is the most commonly reported symptom, closely followed by nausea and vomiting with onset 30 min to 12 h from ingestion of contaminated shellfish. Complete clinical recovery is seen even in severe cases within 3 days. DSP has been reported predominantly in Japan and Europe. The toxin has also been isolated from P. lima cultures from the Gulf of California, Mexico. The incidence of DSP in this location as a result of this is unknown. 

Diarrheic shellfish toxins (DST), causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP)... 

Diarrheic shellfish poisoning is widely spread in the world, affecting particularly Japan and northwestern Europe. It represents a serious economic problem for the shellfish industry and for public health. 

Diarrheic shellfish poisoning is relevant from a health been viewpoint not only because of its acute effects but also because of its potential chronic effects, which are not yet fuUy understood. 

E Dahl, M Yndestad. Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in Norway in the autumn 1984 related to the ocurrence of Dinophysis spp. In DM Anderson, AW White and DG Baden, eds. Toxic Dinoflagellates. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1985, pp. 495-500. 

Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) cases were reported in different areas of the world, and the distribution of the poisoning involved mainly Japan, Europe, Chile, Thailand, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Already in 1990, about 15,000 DSP cases had been recorded worldwide, mainly in Europe and Japan. The DSP incidence, or at least the presence of diarrheic toxins, appears to be increasing, probably also because of increasing awareness about the disease and better surveillance programs. 

TABLE 11.2 Incidence of the Main Symptoms of Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning... 

Tripuraneni, J. et al.. The toxin of Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning, okadaic acid, increases intestinal epithelial paraceUular permeability, Gastroenterol., 112, 100, 1997. 

Ito, S. and Tsukada, K., Matrix effect and correction by standard addition in quantitative liquid chro-matographic-mass spectrometric analysis of diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins, J. Chromatogr. A, 943, 39, 2001. 

Okadaic acid is produced by R lima (Murakami et al. 1982), R concavum (Dickey et al. 1990 Juranovic and Park, unpublished data) and G. toxicus (Juranovic and Park, unpublished data). This and other structurally related compounds have been implicated in DSP (diarrheic shellfish poisoning), most... 

An electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated by Barthelmebs et al. where okadaic acid (OA) (a biotoxin whose intoxication is considered one of the most worried diarrheic shellfish poisoning for human health) was immobilized upon graphitic working electrode, which is so employed as transducer surface via the reaction between diazonium coupling and graphite surface, as shown in Fig. 4. 

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