Sheep excretion

Species differences in the metabolism of propachlor are summarized in Table II. All species studied metabolized propachlor in the MAP. Obvious, but unexplained differences are that the rat excreted no cysteine conjugate and the chicken formed no methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites. The absence of methylsulfonyl formation by chickens is thought due to the low biliary secretion of first pass metabolites. The ruminant (sheep) excreted large amounts of cysteine conjugate in urine which is also not explained. We do not know if the intestinal flora are involved in the formation of the methylsulfonyl acetanilides isolated from sheep urine. 

Allcroft, R., Rogers, H., Lewis, G., Nabney, J., and Best, P. E. (1966). Metabolism of aflatoxin in sheep Excretion of the milk toxin. Nature London) 209, 154-155. 

The actual time required for poly-L-lactide implants to be completely absorbed is relatively long, and depends on polymer purity, processing conditions, implant site, and physical dimensions of the implant. For instance, 50—90 mg samples of radiolabeled poly-DL-lactide implanted in the abdominal walls of rats had an absorption time of 1.5 years with metaboHsm resulting primarily from respiratory excretion (24). In contrast, pure poly-L-lactide bone plates attached to sheep femora showed mechanical deterioration, but Httie evidence of significant mass loss even after four years (25). 

After exerting their action in the organism, natural and synthetic hormones are catabolized in the liver by conjugation to glucuronide and/or sulfate moieties, forming more polar conjugated forms which are excreted via urine. This is the main route of hormone excretion in humans and pigs. A fraction of hormones is also excreted in a free form via feces in animals such as sheep and cattle this is the main route for hormone excretion (Table 3) [66, 67],... 

Aniline is rapidly and extensively metabolized following oral administration. In the pig and sheep, approximately 30% of a 50-mg/kg dose of 14C-labeled aniline was excreted in the urine, as measured by 14C activity, within 3 h after administration, whereas approximately 50% of the dose was excreted in rats. Within 24 h, more than half the administered dose was excreted by pigs and sheep and 96% of the dose was excreted by rats. Fecal radioactivity was low. A-acetylated metabolites accounted for most of the excretion—/V-acetyl-/>-aminophenyl glucuronide being the primary metabolite in sheep and pig urine and /V-acetyl-/>-aminophenyl sulfate being the primary metabolite in the rat (Kao et al. 1978). Biologic monitoring of workers exposed to aniline showed that /i-aminophenol constituted 15-55% of the parent compound in the urine the o- and ra-isomers were also formed (Piotrowski 1984). 

In mammals, phenobarbital and phenytoin increase serum ceruloplasmin concentrations (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). Chronic copper poisoning in sheep is exacerbated when diets contain heliotrope plants (Heliotropium sp., Echium spp., Senecio sp.). Aggravated effects of the heliotrope plants include reduced survival and a twofold to threefold increase in liver and kidney copper concentrations when compared to control animals fed copper without heliotropes (Howell et al. 1991). Rats given acutely toxic doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin had elevated concentrations of copper in liver and kidney because of impaired biliary excretion of copper (Elsenhans et al. 1991). Morphine increases copper concentrations in the central nervous system of rats, and dithiocarbam-ates inhibit biliary excretion (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). In human patients, urinary excretion of copper is increased after treatment with D-penicillamine, calcium disodium EDTA, or calcium trisodium diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid (Flora 1991). 

Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) fed a low-zinc diet (2.2 mg Zn/kg DW diet) for 50 days, when compared to those fed a zinc-adequate diet (33 mg Zn/kg DW diet), excreted less zinc (<4 mg daily vs. 23 to 25), consumed less food (409 g daily vs. 898), and had lower plasma zinc concentrations (0.18 mg/L vs. 0.53 to 0.58) a reduction in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase in plasma zinc binding capacity were also noted (Khandaker and Telfer 1990). Sensitive indicators of zinc deficiency in lambs include significant reductions in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma zinc concentrations signs were clearly evident in lambs fed 10.8 mg Zn/kg DW diet for 50 to 180 days (Vergnes et al. 1990). A normal diet for lambs contains 124 to 130 mg Zn/kg DW ration vs. 33 for adults (Vergnes et al. 1990). One recommended treatment for zinc-deficient sheep is ruminal insertion of zinc-containing boluses every 40 days bolus zinc release is about 107 mg daily (Khandaker and Telfer 1990). 

Diazinon is rapidly biotransformed and excreted in mammals. Estimated half-times of diazinon persistence were 6 to 12 h in rats (Anonymous 1972) and dogs (Iverson et al. 1975). Most of the diazinon metabolites were excreted in the urine as diethyl phosphoric add and diethyl phosphorothioic acid in dogs (Iverson et al. 1975), and as hydroxy diazinon and dehydrodiazinon in sheep (Machin et al. 1974). 

Oral treatment of sheep and cattle (Bos spp.) with diflubenzuron is followed by absorption of the compound through the gastrointestinal tract, metabolism, and elimination of residues through the urine, feces, and, to a very limited extent, milk. Intact diflubenzuron is eliminated in the feces of orally dosed cattle and sheep (Ivie 1978). Major metabolites of diflubenzuron excreted by cattle and sheep result from hydroxylation on the difluorobenzoyl and chlorophenyl rings, and by cleavage between the carbonyl and amide groups to produce metabolites that are excreted free or as conjugates (Ivie 1978). Cattle dosed repeatedly with diflubenzuron had detectable residues only in liver... 

Single injection of radiolabeled famphur equivalent to 22.3 mg famphur/kg BW. Sheep killed at 96 h and tissues analyzed for residual radioactivity More than 50% of the administered dose was excreted within 6 h and 98% within 48 h. About 97% was excreted in urine and <3% in feces. Residues, in mg/kg FW, were 1.4 in blood 0.3-0.6 in kidney, liver, spleen, lung, and cerebrospinal fluid and <0.1 in bile, fat, brain, and muscle 7, 8... 

Gatterdam, P.E., L.A. Wozniak, M.W. Bullock, G.L. Parks, and J.E. Boyd. 1967. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of tritium-labeled famphur in the sheep and calf. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 15 845-853. Gingrich, R.E., O. Drummond, and W.J. Gladney. 1972. Use of white mice experimentally infested with larvae of a rodent hot fly for screening systemic insecticides. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 65 742-745. 

Sheep Once (GO) Hepatic 500M (elevated sorbital and glutamate dehydrogenases ornithine carbamoyl transferase decreased bromosulphthalein excretion) Fowler 1969b... 

In sheep, 80% of the hexachloroethane, tetrachloroethene, and pentachloroethane fecal excretions were excreted within 24 hours (Fowler 1969b). Some of this was unabsorbed hexachloroethane and the remainder... 

B excess Aral-Caspian low plain, Kazakhstan Brunozems, Solonetses, and Solonchaks are enriched in B, up to 280 ppm. The increased content of B in forage species, up to 0.15% by dry weight Accumulation of B in animal organisms leads to the disturbance of B excretion function of liver, reducing activity of amilase and, partly, of proteinase of the intestine tract in human and sheep. Endemic boron ententes sometimes accomplished by pneumonia. Human, sheep and camel morbidity... 

Koalas Phascolarctos cinereus) increase their glucose intake by 20% if they eat Eucalyptus spp. foliage, which requires conjugation reactions with glucuronic acid for excretion (Eberhard etal, 1975). Goats and sheep eat more of a toxic diet if given surplus food, which helps detoxication (Provenza, 2004). 

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