Shale analysis

This same approach could be used both to validate further the presently entrenched continental drift theory and predict from coal and shale analysis of an area of one continent the type of organic deposits which may be present on another fitted but as yet unexplored continent (8). 

Organic geochemistry—Congresses. 2. Oil shales— Analysis—Congresses. 

A wet-process plant maldug cement from shale and hmestoue has been described by Bergstrom [Roc/c Prod., 64—71 (June 1967)]. There are separate facilities for grinding each type of stone. The ball mill operates in closed circuit with a battery of Dutch State Mines screens. Material passing the screens is 85 percent minus 200 mesh. The entire process is extensively instrumented and controlled by computer. Automatic devices sample crushed rock, slurries, and finished product for chemical analysis by X-rav fluorescence. Mill circuit feed rates and water additions are governed by conventional controllers. 

Major obstacles to large-scale production are the disposal of the spent shale and the vast earth-moving operations. Table 1-7 is a typical analysis of a raw shale oil produced from retorting oil shale. 

Wandless GA (1993) Instrumental neutron activation analysis of Devonian Ohio Shale SDO-i. 

A hypothetical structural model developed by Yen (24) represented the organic components of Green River oil shale. The major components were isoprenoids, steroids, terpenoids and cartenoids. The common bridges consisted of disulfide, ether, ester, heterocyclic and alkadiene. Elemental analysis of typical oil shale samples has shown... 

In modern terms, asphaltene is conceptually defined as the normal-pentane-insoluble and benzene-soluble fraction whether it is derived from coal or from petroleum. The generalized concept has been extended to fractions derived from other carbonaceous sources, such as coal and oil shale (8,9). With this extension there has been much effort to define asphaltenes in terms of chemical structure and elemental analysis as well as by the carbonaceous source. It was demonstrated that the elemental compositions of asphaltene fractions precipitated by different solvents from various sources of petroleum vary considerably (see Table I). Figure 1 presents hypothetical structures for asphaltenes derived from oils produced in different regions of the world. Other investigators (10,11) based on a number of analytical methods, such as NMR, GPC, etc., have suggested the hypothetical structure shown in Figure 2. 

Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, and J.E. Hudson. 1980. Aquatic toxicity tests on inorganic elements occurring in oil shale. Pages 519-534 in C. Gale (ed.). Oil Shale Symposium Sampling, Analysis and Quality Assurance. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-80-022. 

Allegre, C. J. Rousseau, D. (1984). The growth of the continents through geological time studied by Nd isotope analysis of shales. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 67, 19-34. 

Gruson, J. F., Gachadouat, S., Maisonnier, G. and Saniere, A. (2005). Prospective Analysis of the Potential Non-conventional World Oil Supply Tar Sands, Oil Shales and Non-conventional Liquid Fuels from Coal and Gas. Technical Report EUR 22168. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) and Institut Frangais du Petrole (IFP). 

Fig. 1. Selected portable XRF element analyses for two pyrite masses and their shale host. The two masses, both 2 cm In diameter, are within 5 cm of one another but display different trace element contents, both from one another and from their silicate host. The shale matrix analysis Is taken between the two.

GER analysis incorporating element combinations designed to reflect the main minerals of the unaltered, altered and weathered rocks reveals clear separation of these different compositions and explains the mineralogical changes during alteration (Fig. 4). Unaltered shale compositions cluster toward the muscovite/ankerite node of the... 

Multivariate Analysts of Electron Microprobe-Energy Dispersive X-ray Chemical Element Spectra for Quantitative Mineralogical Analysis of Oil Shales... 

Table I. Qualitative Mineralogical Analysis of Oil Shale by X-Ray Diffraction...

This work Is motivated by a lack of techniques for quantifying the mineral components In complex environmental solids. Programmatic Interest derives from research In the environmental chemistry of raw and retorted oil shales from the Plceance Basin In Colorado. For this reason, we chose to do exploratory research on a particular sample of raw shale. Previously XRD analysis had been performed on this sample. The XRD results are shown In Table I. XRD line Intensities for the minerals often are used to provide a rough seml-quantltatlve estimate of amount present. 

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