Shading coefficient

Laminated glass is used for solar control, particularly where a highly reflective surface is not desired and where the laminate contributes other benefits. In these applications, a uniformly pigmented interlayer is obtained from the manufacturer and the laminate can be prepared by the conventional process. Broad ranges of colors and transmission levels are available with shading coefficients as low as 0.41. Pigmented interlayer is considered to be more... 

Therefore, the shading coefficient of a single-pane clear glass window Is SC = 1.0. The shading coefficients of other commonly used fenestration... 

Shading coefficient SC and solar transmissivily Tjo,j, for some common glass types for summer design conditions (from ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals,... 

The shading coefficients of drapes also depend on the way they are hung. Usually, the width of drapery used is twice Ihe width of the draped area to... 

C Define the SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient), and explain how it differs from the SC (shading coefficient). What are die values of the SHGC and SC of a single-pane clear-glass window ... 

C What does the SC (shading coefficient) of a device repre.sent ftq v do the SCs of clear glass and heat-absorbing glass Compaq ... 

Fig. 3.13 Some of the possible combinations of atomic Is orbitals for a 2D square lattice corresponding to different values ofkj and ky. A shaded circle indicates a positive coefficient an open circle corresponds to a negative coefficient.

Color Difference Evaluation. Shade evaluation is comparable in importance to relative strength evaluation for dyes. This is of interest to both dye manufacturer and dye user for purposes of quaUty control. Objective evaluation of color differences is desirable because of the well-known variabihty of observers. A considerable number of color difference formulas that intend to transform the visually nonuniform International Commission on Illumination (CIE) tristimulus color space into a visually uniform space have been proposed over the years. Although many of them have proven to be of considerable practical value (Hunter Lab formula, Friele-MacAdam-Chickering (FMC) formula, Adams-Nickerson formula, etc), none has been found to be satisfactorily accurate for small color difference evaluation. Correlation coefficients for the correlation between average visually determined color difference values and those based on measurement and calculation with a formula are typically of a magnitude of approximately 0.7 or below. In the interest of uniformity of international usage, the CIE has proposed two color difference formulas (CIELAB and CIELUV) one of which (CIELAB) is particularly suitable for appHcation on textiles (see Color). 

Some organic compounds can be in solution with water and the mixture may still be a flammable mixture. The vapors above these mixtures such as ethanol, methanol, or acetone can form flammable mixtures with air. Bodurtha [39] and Albaugh and Pratt [47] discuss the use of Raoult s law (activity coefficients) in evaluating the effects. Figures 7-52A and B illustrate the vapor-liquid data for ethyl alcohol and the flash point of various concentrations, the shaded area of flammability limits, and the UEL. Note that some of the plots are calculated and bear experimental data verification. 

Figure 5.37a-d illustrates a typical temperature distribution in the range of the angle 0 < 0 < 180° (where 0 = 0° is at the top of the tube). The heat flux was q = 8,000 W/m, the superficial gas velocity was Uqs = 36 m/s. The superficial liquid velocities were 0.016, 0.027, 0.045 and 0.099 m/s, respectively. The flow moves from the right to the left. The color shades are indicative of the wall temperature. Comparison to simultaneous visual observations shows that the distribution of heat transfer coefficient at Uls = 0.0016 m/s corresponds to dryout on the upper part of the pipe. 

Fig. 14. Esxtracting distinguishing features from noise pulse signal. Wavelet coefficients in shaded regions represent stable extrema, (a) Wavelet decomposition of noisy pulse signal (b) wavelet decomposition of pulse signal. (Reprinted from Bakshi and Stephanopoulos, Representation of process trends. Part III. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 18(4), p. 267, Copyright (1994), with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington 0X5 1GB, UK.)...

Utilizing the wavelet coefficients of the stable extrema we can reconstruct a signal that contains the distinguished features at several scales. In Fig. 14, by utilizing the wavelet coefficients of the shaded region, we can completely reconstruct the pulse with minimum quantitative distortion. 

Fig. 7.19. The hybrid-based MO coefficients (absolute value) in propane. [Shaded and unshaded areas correspond to different signs of AO coefficients (+lobe and — lobe)]...

Example 5-6 Friction Loss in a Sudden Expansion. Figure 5-7 shows the flow in a sudden expansion from a small conduit to a larger one. We assume that the conditions upstream of the expansion (point 1) are known, as well as the areas A and A2. We desire to find the velocity and pressure downstream of the expansion (V2 and P2) and the loss coefficient, Kt. As before, V2 is determined from the mass balance (continuity equation) applied to the system (the fluid in the shaded area). Assuming constant density,... 

The resulting extinction coefficient remained constant within the accuracy of the measurements. In the transition from monoazo to disazo pigment, however, the value of the maximum molar extinction coefficient is more than doubled, because the effect of the two azo linkages is enhanced by additional interaction via the diphenyl moiety. This, however, does not improve the conjugation the shade does not shift remarkably ... 

Fig. 16.23 Plot of partition coefficients, P, for alkylphenol (shaded symbols) and o-cresol (open symbols) at 25 (O), 200 (O), and 340 ( ) bar pressure versus temperature after 1 1 Miller oil/brine (20g/L NaCl) equilibration. Reprinted from Bennett B, Barter SR (1997) Partition behaviour of alkylphenols in crude oil brine systems under subsurface conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 4393-4402. Copyright 1997 with permission of Elsevier...

The correction for the pyrolytic production of elemental carbon is accomplished by measuring the amount of elemental carbon oxidation necessary to return the filter reflectance to its initial value. This is facilitated by the three-step elemental carbon oxidation which produces a relatively slow initial rise in the reflectance. A typical output is shown in Figure 3. The pyrolysis correction corresponds to the shaded area which is added to peaks 1 and 2 to give the corrected value for organic carbon. This procedure assumes that the mass absorption coefficient of the pyrolytically produced elemental carbon is the same as that of the original elemental carbon. Research to test this assumption is continuing. 

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