Setting the Standard

A management decision in the form of a procedure, operating policy, or standard on near miss incident reporting must be issued. This will become the guiding document that sets the foundation and guidelines for the system. 

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists management commitment as the first of four key elanents needed for safety performance. Standards are written commitments. 

Standards should exist for all elements of the safety and health system. They should define what the standard should be, who is responsible for certain actions, and by when these actions should take place. 

An example of a near miss incident reporting and recording system policy reads as follows  

At our company, we are committed to the implementation and maintenance of a near miss reporting/rectification system so that everyone can identify and report near misses, unsafe acts/conditions, rank the potential, and prescribe corrective action to reduce risk. By getting to the near miss incidents, potential losses can be prevented before rather than after the event. 

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The prime global authority is the International Maritime Organisation. The IMO sets the standards and guidelines for the removal of offshore installations. The guidelines specify that installations in less than 75 meters of water with substructures weighing less than 4,000 tons be completely removed from the site. Those in deeper water must be removed to a depth of 55 meters below the surface so that there is no hazard to navigation. In some countries the depth to which structures have to be removed has already been extended to 100m. 

There are two fimdamental types of spectroscopic studies absorption and emission. In absorption spectroscopy an atom or molecule in a low-lying electronic state, usually the ground state, absorbs a photon to go to a higher state. In emission spectroscopy the atom or molecule is produced in a higher electronic state by some excitation process, and emits a photon in going to a lower state. In this section we will consider the traditional instrumentation for studying the resulting spectra. They define the quantities measured and set the standard for experimental data to be considered. 

The traditional instruments for measuring emission and absorption spectra described above set the standard for the types of infonnation which can be obtained and used by spectroscopists. In the more recent past, several new... 

EUROVENT has always led the field in measuring and characterizing air filters. Since 1979 EUROVENT 4/5 has set the standard in Europe and provided the basis for European Standard EN 779 1993, Specifications for Particulate Air Filters for General Ventilation. 

Don t apply AQLs to attribute data - set the standard as zero defects. 

The prospect of a patchwork of state standards became a cause of great concern to manufacturers. When President Jimmy Carter was elected, he proposed that mandatoi y standards be set by the Department of Energy (DOE) to replace the voluntary efficiency targets. Wliile opposing mandatory standards at the federal level, manufacturers acquiesced to the National Energy Conservation and Policy Act (NECPA) of 1978, which required DOE to set appliance efficiency standards for residential products. In return, manufacturers were able to obtain a requirement for DOE to evaluate the impacts on manufacturers that standards would impose and to consider them in setting the standards. 

A note on good practice Avoid the error of setting the standard entropies of elements equal to zero, as you would for AH° the entropies to use are the absolute values for the given temperature and are zero only at T = 0. 

A problem with compiling a list of standard potentials is that we know only the overall emf of the cell, not the contribution of a single electrode. A voltmeter placed between the two electrodes of a galvanic cell measures the difference of their potentials, not the individual values. To provide numerical values for individual standard potentials, we arbitrarily set the standard potential of one particular electrode, the hydrogen electrode, equal to zero at all temperatures ... 

As a preeminent biomaterial, silicones have been the most thoroughly studied polymer over the last half century. From lubrication for syringes to replacements for soft tissue, silicones have set the standard for excellent blood compatibility, low toxicity durability, and bioinertness. Many medical applications would not have been possible without this unique polymer. 

There is little doubt on the basis of the above review that speleothems are useful in an extremely wide range of applications and the frequency of publications devoted to speleothem-based archives is increasing rapidly. Fundamental to all applications is a robust and high-precision chronology and uranium-series techniques currently set the standard in this regard for speleothems. Reliable ages can be obtained for most samples where material appears to be well-preserved. However, it will become increasingly important to demonstrate reliability as the spatial resolution of analysis improves further. 

It is important to begin producing this additive as soon as possible. This is because die discovery of something new is frequently made by two or more independent investigators at about the same time, and the first producer sets the standards and gets the markets. In 1969 four chemical companies Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), DuPont, Phillips Petroleum, and Montecatini-Edison, were all claiming to be the inventor of polypropylene. At that time, the U.S. Patent Office had still not decided who would get the U.S. patent, even though the work had been done over 10 years before.5 Finally in December 1971 Montecatini-Edison received the patent. 

The Ecodesign Directive is the regulation that sets the standards for products in principle for the preconsume phase so that only those chemical additives may be added that do not cause problems in a sustainable closed material and substance cycle. Currently the directive is being discussed to expand its scope and not only to products related to energy consumption. 

Water is the solvent for life on Earth and it has a number of important properties that which might set the standard for other life-supporting solvents ... 

In Equation 50 the chemical potential of non-electrolyte A depends on the usual choice of standard-state conventions described above, and the chemical potentials of both H2(g) and H+(sod are taken to be zero (this defines e.s.s., the electrolyte standard state). By setting the standard-state free energy of the solvated proton equal to zero, this standard-state convention... 

The well balanced electronic and coordinative unsaturation of their Ru(II) center accounts for the high performance and the excellent tolerance of these complexes toward an array of polar functional groups. This discovery has triggered extensive follow up work and carbenes 1 now belong to the most popular metathesis catalysts which set the standards in this field [3]. Many elegant applications to the synthesis of complex target molecules and structurally diverse natural products highlight their truely remarkable scope. 

The ruthenium carbene complexes 1 discussed in the previous chapter have set the standards in the field of olefin metathesis and are widely appreciated tools for advanced organic synthesis [3]. A serious drawback, however, relates to the preparation of these compounds requiring either 3,3-diphenylcyclopropene or diazoalkanes, i.e. reagents which are rather difficult to make and/or fairly hazardous if used on a large scale [60]. Therefore, a need for metathesis catalysts persists that exhibit essentially the same activity and application profile as 1 but are significantly easier to make. 

Instruction in Chemical Analysis and was published in 1843. This set the standards for the systematic analysis of all the known metal oxides, using the following recommended equipment (quoted from Szabadvary 1966 171) ... 

Chemical Reference Materials Setting the Standards for Ocean Science... 

Chemical Reference Materials Setting the Standards for Ocean Science http //www.nap.edu/catalog/10476.html... 

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