Series piping systems

Components of a piping system that are connected in series produce additive pressure drops, while components that are connected in parallel must produce the same pressure drop. 

American Gas Association method, 121 Complex pipe systems, 122 Low pressure air, steam, 131 Panhandle formula, 120, 121 Panhandle-A formula, 121 Parallel system, 122 Series system, 122 Transmission factors, 120 Weymouth formula, 120 Flowsheet symbols, 17... 

Piping systems often involve interconnected segments in various combinations of series and/or parallel arrangements. The principles required to analyze such systems are the same as those have used for other systems, e.g., the conservation of mass (continuity) and energy (Bernoulli) equations. For each pipe junction or node in the network, continuity tells us that the sum of all the flow rates into the node must equal the sum of all the flow rates out of the node. Also, the total driving force (pressure drop plus gravity head loss, plus pump head) between any two nodes is related to the flow rate and friction loss by the Bernoulli equation applied between the two nodes. 

Where the safety device consists of an additional regulator that is associated with or functions in combination with one or more regulators in a series arrangement to control or limit the pressure in a piping system, suitable checks shall be made. These checks shall be conducted to determine that the equipment will operate in a satisfactory manner to prevent any pressure in excess of the established MAOP of the system, should any one of the associated regulators malfunction or remain in the wide-open position. 

ISO 15494 2003 Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Polybutene (PB), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) - Specifications for components and the system -Metric series... 

ISO 4577 1983 Plastics - Polypropylene and propylene-copolymers - Determination of thermal oxidative stability in air - Oven method ISO 7279 1984 Polypropylene (PP) fittings for pipes under pressure - Sockets for fusion using heated tools - Metric series - Dimensions of sockets ISO 7671 2003 Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) inside buildings - Polypropylene (PP)... 

ISO 12092 2000 Fittings, valves and other piping system components made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylester (ASA) for pipes underpressure - Resistance to internal pressure - Test method ISO 15493 2003 Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) and chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) - Specifications for components and the system - Metric series ISO 15877-1 2003 Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water installations - Chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) - Part 1 General... 

Flere C is the total conductance value for the pipe system, made up of the individual values for the various components which are connected in series (valves, baffles, separators, etc.) ... 

The primary system is intended to isolate the major equipment in order to prevent reverse flow and exhaust oxides in a gaseous state. It consists of a special restraint type valve (check) and two motorised shutdown valves, arranged in series. The system includes a low pressure detector on the main pipe that trips the sulphuric acid pumps, isolates the process and stops the helium flow into the reactor and heaters (emergency system EAS-200). 

On the other hand, in bipolar cells, only the terminal cells are connected by intercell conductors, and there are typically many unit cells electrically in series between the terminal cells (Fig. 5.2). The two basic types of bipolar cells are the flat plate cell and the finger type cell. A group of bipolar cells that have a common piping system for the fluids, via manifolds, is referred to as an electrolyzer or sometimes a series or a stack. Within a single bipolar electrolyzer, there are sometimes more than one set of terminal cells. Bipolar electrolyzers can be connected via an external bus within a DC circuit in series or in parallel, but usually not both. Furthermore, in the case of mercury-cell plant conversions to membrane cells, the electrolyzers are connected electrically in parallel as shown in Fig. 5.3. 

A series of typical vacuum insulated piping system components may comprise valves, straight sections, elbows and tees in sizes 1 in., 2 in., 4 in. and 6 in. OD. The working pressure is 200 psi. Vacuum jackets are evacuated and sealed as a step in the fabrication procedure. The manufacturing techniques needed are similar to those which have been previously proven by performance in other cryogenic equipment. 

Cooling-tower system—includes a cooUng-tower and pipe system to transfer cooled water to the unit and back to the cooling-tower water-distribution system. The cooling tower has a series of complex instrument systems to control ppm, pH, level, temperature, fan speed, and flow rate. 

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