Separation contact

In the soldedess wrap (Fig. 3) or wire-wrap connection, a wire conductor is coiled around the back end of the separable contact, which has a square or rectangular cross section (4). The corners of the soldedess wrap post and the areas of the wire that are in contact with it are severely deformed. In a propedy made wrap, the force required to sHde the wire along the post exceeds the breaking strength of the wire. The method is suitable only for soHd wire, and special tools are used to make this connection. 

Slotted beam or U-contacts describe a versatile design for the termination of soHd wire and require that the wire be pushed into a narrow slot between two moderately rigid tines, or beams, at the back end of the separable contact (Fig. 8). The edges of the beams displace the insulation, squee2e the wire, and keep it in compression for the life of the connection. This termination method was developed for terminating conductors in a gang using flexible flat cables with round conductors (5). 

Methods used to secure a wire to the back end of a separable contact include the taper pin and the soldedess cHp. The former is a cylindrical tapered body having a hoUow end into which a wire is crimped the front of the taper pin is forced into the back end of the connector contact which has conforming shape. The soldedess cHp has a spring which traps the soHd or stranded wire against a post at the back end of the separable contact the cHp encircles both the wire and the post (6). 

Electrostatic-Separation Machines The first electrostatic machines to be used commercially employed the principle of contact elec trification. These were free-fall devices incorporating large vertical plates between which an electrostatic field was maintained. Tribo-elec tric separation (contact charging) has experienced an increase in apphcations due to advances in mechanical self-cleaning and electrical design as well as the development of efficient precharging techniques. 

After 30-60 minutes at RH > 90%, the droplets undergo a dramatic morphological change. After reaching maximum swelling, the droplets suddenly spread, as shown in Figure 36. Separate contact-angle measurements showed that dilute sulfuric acid droplets have... 

The extractability of such a complex is quite good. Thus, if the feed solution is low in its acidity only tantalum is extracted, while niobium remains in the raffinate. The niobiumbearing raffinate is then separately contacted with TBP after adjusting its acidity to higher values so that niobium is than transferred from aqueous to the organic phase. 

Hydrophobic interactions, on the other hand, are strong, indifferent to local details, and are relatively long range. If transient direct or water-separated contacts occur between nonpolar side chains, the net effect could be local organization and an overall compaction of the polypeptide chain. Whereas the strengths of hydrophobic interactions must be considerably reduced in 8 M urea, they clearly are not eliminated, as evidenced by the persistence of lipid bicelles. Thus hydrophobic interactions probably play some role in persistent global structure, the importance of which can be tested by replacing multiple hydrophobic side chains with similarly shaped polar ones. 

This model was introduced by Neville and Hunter (13,14) for the case of sterically stabilized dispersions which have undergone reversible flocculation. It is assumed that the major contribution to the excess energy dissipation in such pseudoplastic systems comes from the need to provide energy from the shear field to separate contacting particles. Under these conditions, the extrapolated yield value is given by the expression (13,32,33),... 

The score is computed as the sum of separable contact and electrostatic terms. This feature has been questioned by later authors such as Tame (5), who point out that this additivity is assumed without comment or justification. 

The crystal structures of three lithiated allylic sulfoximines have been reported.44,82 The X-ray crystal structure of lithiated 116/12-crown-4 complex showed solvent-separated contact ion-pairs of [Li(12-crown-4)2]+ and the allylic sulfonimidoyl anion.82 The anion adopts a conformation in which the p orbital at... 

With polyols, the procedure of separating contact from pseudocontact shifts sometimes proves unsatisfactory some of the higher lanthanides give discordant results. - It appears that complexes of these higher lanthanides, that have smaller ionic radii, have different interatomic distances and valency angles, and probably different coordination numbers, even if they have the same structures. Theoretical studies confirmed these differences. It is advisable, therefore, to disregard the higher lanthanides in this procedure. ... 

Separate contact addresses are also given for each of the divisions in Europe, Asia/Pacific and the USA. 

For high liquid flow cases, it may be necessary to split the flow into two or more passes. This creates separate contacting zones, as shown in Figure 12.44. For the two-pass tray shown, liquid flows side to center and center to side on successive flays this means that the effective weir crests differ because of differing weir lengths. The center weir is about the same length as the column diameter, whereas the side weir may be only 70% or so of the diameter. 

Another feature of AGM separators is their compressibility. With compression of the plate and separator stack, this AGM property guarantees good plate-separator contact, even if the plates are not perfectly smooth. Also, battery assembly is facilitated since the stack can be easily inserted into the cell after compression to a thickness lower than the cell dimension. An undesirable result of the compressibility is that the AGM separator does not exert sufficient resistance against expansion of the positive plate during battery cycle-life. This expansion is particularly prevalent in deep-cycle applications and can cause the battery to suffer premature capacity loss (PCL) via reduced inter-particle conductivity — a phenomenon known as PCL-2 [7]. In the literature, two additional characteristics, which are related to the PCL-2 failure mode, are discussed, namely, AGM separators shrink when first wetted with electrolyte and their fibres can be crushed at high pressure levels [8-10]. These features result in a loss of separator resilience, i.e., a lessening of the ability to display a reversible spring effect. 

In addition to the solvent-separated contact ion-pair equilibrium there is a secondary process in contact ion-pair systems (such as fluorenyl) that may result from higher aggregate formation, change of degree of solvation, movement of the cation within the ion pair, or change in the vibrational structure of the ion pair. 

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