Sensors surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The goal of this chapter will be to provide an overview of the use of planar, optically resonant nanophotonic devices for biomolecular detection. Nanophotonics23 24 represents the fusion of nanotechnology with optics and thus it is proposed that sensors based on this technology can combine the advantages of each as discussed above. Although many of the issues are the same, we focus here on optical resonance rather than plasmonic resonance (such as is used in emerging local SPR and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based biosensors). 

Ochsenkuhn MA, Jess PRT, Stoquert H, Dholakia K, Campbell CJ (2009) Nanoshells for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in eukaryotic cells cellular response and sensor development. ACS Nano 3(11) 3613-3621... 

S. Farquharson, Y. FI. Lee and C. Nelson, Material for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and SER sensors, and method for preparing same, U.S. Patent Number 6,623,977 (2003). 

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-and Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption-Based Molecular Sensors... 

In the first chapter in this section, Nilam Shah, Olga Lyandres, Chanda Yonzon, Xiaojm 2 ang, and Richard Van Duyne outline the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in the development of biological sensors for the sensitive detection of anthrax and glucose. 

S. Farquharson, P. Maksymiuk, K. Ong, and S. D. Christesen, Chemical agent identification hy surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, in Vibrational Spectroscopy-Based Sensor Systems, S. D. Christesen and A. J. Sedlacek El, Eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, 2002, Vol. 4577, p. 166. 

L. Guerrini, P. Leyton, M. Campos-Vallette, C. Domingo, J.V. Garcia-Ramos, S. Sanchez-Cortes, Detection of persistent organic pollutants by using SERS sensors based on organically functionalized Ag nanoparticles, in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analytical, Biophysical and Life Science Applications, ed. by S. Schlucka- (Wiley, Weinheim, 2011), pp. 103-128... 

Orendorff, C.J., Gole, A., Sau, T.K. and Murphy, C.J. (2005) Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of self-assembled monolayers sandwich architecture and nanopartide shape dependence. Analytical Chemistry, TJ, 3251-5. Rasdike, G., Brogl, S., Susha, A.S.. Rogadi, A.L., Mar, T.A., Feldmann, Fieres, B., Petkov, N., Bein, T., NichtI, A. and Kurzinger, K. (2004) Gold nanoshells improve single nanopartide molecular sensors. Nano Letters, 4. 1853-7. 

Because macroporous materials have 3D periodicity on a length scale comparable to the wavelength of visible light, 3DOM materials have potential use as photonic crystals. Other potential applications include catalysts, bioglasses, sensors, and substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS). ... 

Haynes, C.L, Yonzon, C.R., Zhang, X., and Van Duyne, R.P. (2005) Surface-enhanced Raman sensors early history and the development of sensors for quantitative biowarfare agent and glucose detection. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36, 471-484. 

The phenomenon of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy involves the intensity enhancement of vibrational bands of adsorbates that usually bond through contain carboxylic acid or thiol groups onto thin nanoparticulate metallic films that have been deposited on an appropriate substrate. SEIRA spectra obey the surface selection rule in the same way as reflection-absorption spectra of thin films on smooth metal substrates. When the metal nanoparticles become in close contact, i.e., start to exceed the percolation limit, the bands in the adsorbate spectra start to assume a dispersive shape. Unlike surface-enhanced Raman scattering, which is usually only observed with silver, gold and, albeit less frequently, copper, SEIRA is observed with most metals, including platinum and even zinc. The mechanism of SEIRA is still being discussed but the enhancement and shape of the bands is best modeled by the Bruggeman representation of effective medium theory with plasmonic mechanism pla dng a relatively minor role. At the end of this report, three applications of SEIRA, namely spectroelectrochemical measurements, the fabrication of sensors, and biochemical applications, are discussed. 

From Eq. (33.6), it is clear that the SPR wavelength position depends on the optical characteristics of the surrounding media and consequently if the environment changes or has fluctuations, the plasmon resonance will shift its location. The Frolich condition is directly associated with an electromagnetic field enhancement that takes place in the vicinity of metallic NP due to the collective excitations of the electrons. These concepts are the first stones in the use of plasmonic devices as sensors, as it is the case of svuface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Ordered OMPO structures filled with silver NPs are suitable substrates for SERS as they give a reproducible enhancement over a wide surface area (Figure 33.8b and c). 

In another work, silica nano helices have been prepared from the organic self-assemblies of -tartrate amphiphiles by sol-gel transcription. Then this chiral nanostructures were functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)-trietho)y-silane (APTES) or (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane (MPTES) and decorated with gold nanoparticles of various diameters (1-15 nm) resulting in nanohelix hybrid structures (Fig. 25). ° It was found that the surface plasmon resonance intensity of these nanohybrid systems increased with gold particle size. Gold nanoparticles of 10-14 nm diameter have clearly showed a surface enhanced effect on Raman spectroscopy. This sj tem is a unique example of the 3D hybrid network that could be used as ultrasensitive chemical and biological sensors for detection of molecules of interest in liquids by accumulation under flow. 

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