Biomolecular detection

M. (2006) Ahgned silver nanorod arrays for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Nanotechnology, 17, 2(>70-2(>74, (b) Lu, Y, Liu, G.L., Kim, J., Mejia, Y.X. and Lee, L.P. (2005) Nanophotonic crescent moon structures with sharp edge for ultrasensitive biomolecular detection by local electromagnetic field enhancement effect Nano Letters, 5, 119-124 ... 

Optically Resonant Nanophotonic Devices for Label-Free Biomolecular Detection... 

The goal of this chapter will be to provide an overview of the use of planar, optically resonant nanophotonic devices for biomolecular detection. Nanophotonics23 24 represents the fusion of nanotechnology with optics and thus it is proposed that sensors based on this technology can combine the advantages of each as discussed above. Although many of the issues are the same, we focus here on optical resonance rather than plasmonic resonance (such as is used in emerging local SPR and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based biosensors). 

Erickson, D. Mandal, S. Yang, A. Cordovez, B., Nanobiosensors Optofluidic, electrical and mechanical approaches to biomolecular detection at the nanoscale, Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2008, 4, 33 52... 

Mathias PC, Ganesh N, Chan EL et al (2007) Combined enhanced fluorescence and label-free biomolecular detection with a photonic crystal surface. Appl Opt 46 2351-2360... 

Chemiluminescence immunoassay These assays rely on the use of chemiluminescent labels, which may be labelled antigens or antibodies. For example, the chemiluminescent label isoluminol is oxidized in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and a catalyst, producing long-lived light emission that is measured, thus allowing determination of the unknown antigen or antibody concentration in a sample. Another useful variant is electrochemiluminescence immunoassay that is commonly used in biomolecular detection, and in particular the measurement of native and recombinant peptides and proteins. 

Additional topics covered in this chapter are possible mechanisms leading to the fluorescence enhancement effect observed on ZnO NRs and key advantages of ZnO NR platforms in biomolecular detection. 

However, the low sensitivity problem of Raman spectroscopy can be overcome by the optical phenomenon called surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which originates from the conjugation of molecules with the novel metal nanomaterials such as gold or silver. After the first report of such a phenomenon in 1974 [16], several techniques were developed for a wide variety of applications. Current development in nanotechnology has accelerated the researches about SERS to realize accurate, sensitive, selective, and practical sensing platform in several areas including biomolecular detection. 

There have been numerous studies reporting biomolecular detection using direct SERS measurements. 

Lu Y, Liu GL, Kim J, Mejia YX, Lee LP (2005) Nanophotonic crescent moon structures with sharp edge for ultrasensitive biomolecular detection by local electromagnetic field enhancement effect. Nano Lett 5 119-124... 

PF Dimond. ImmunoDetection I Perfusion immunoassays for biomolecular detection. BioConcepts Technical Newsletter. 1(2), Cambridge, MA PerSeptive... 

Y. S. Huh, A. J. Chung, B. Cordovez, and D. Erickson, Enhanced on-chip SERS based biomolecular detection using electrokinetically active microwells. Lab on a Chip (Accepted) (2008). 

Cheng MM et al. (2006) Nanotechnologies for biomolecular detection and medical diagnostics. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 10 11-19. 

Liu GL, Lee LP (2005) Nanowell surface enhanced Raman scattering arrays fabricated by soft-lithography for label-free biomolecular detections in integrated microfluidics. Appl Phys Lett 87(7) 074101... 

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