Lens systems

Electron lens systems between each component serve a number of fiinctions. A lens following the source focuses electrons on the entrance aperture of the premonocliromator and decelerates these electrons to the pass energy required... 

Most modern TEMs use a two-stage condenser lens system that makes it possible to... 

Modern XPS spectrometers employ a lens system on the input to the CHA, which has the effect of transferring an image of the analyzed area on the sample surface to the entrance slit of the analyzer. The detector system on the output of the CHA consists of several single channeltrons or a channel plate. Such a spectrometer is illustrated schematically in Fig. 2.6. 

When the whole sample surface is irradiated by the exciting X-rays, an image can be obtained in a different way The spot accepted by the transferring lens system in front of the input of the CHA is rastered by introducing deflector plates in front of the lens system. Again, only electrons of a characteristic energy can pass the analyzer. This technique is realized with the Axis series. 

There are plastics that are transparent and translucent in the unpiginented state. They have a range of optical properties that make them interesting for a wide spectrum of optical applications that extends from windows to lens systems to sophisticated applications involving action via polarized light. Used for over a half century are aircraft canopies (thermoformed) and windows in many different structures. 

Heat filter glass id. Secondary condensing lens system... 

The low energy ions leaving the reaction chamber are re-accelerated for conventional mass analysis. Many of these instruments use a pair of quadrupole lenses (13) following re-acceleration to increase the intensity of secondary ions. Such a lens system is particularly well adapted to this application because of its large physical size and strong focussing properties. 

In practice, the stepper consists of a machine incorporating a light source, a photomask holder and a lens for focusing the pattern on the photoresist layer on the silicon wafer. The pattern is repeated clear across the wafer, step by step, hence the name. The lens system must be of highest quality so that definition of lines and areas remain accurate and do not overlap each other. 

Figure 5. A horizontal schematic cut through the EMS spectrometer showing the monochromated and collimated incident beam and the hemispherical (fast) and toroidal (slow) energy and angle dispersive analysers as well as the retarding lens systems.

The pico-second laser causes significantly less damage to the stone than the nanosecond laser however, fewer trace element peaks may be observed in the pico-second LIBS spectra (Fig. 1). The sensitivity of the pico-second LIBS system to trace elements may be enhanced in Ar or He, with a better lens system than currently employed, or by using the harmonic wavelengths. These parameters are under investigation. 

Optical immunosensors, 3 803, 813 Optical industry, indium in, 14 195 Optical information storage markets, polycarbonate grades for, 19 809-810 Optical isomers, 6 72-73 Optical lens systems, in photography,... 

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