Sensing and sensors

Khoo, I. C., M. V. Wood, M. Y. Shih, and P. H. Chen. 1990. Extremely nonhnear photosensitive hquid crystals for image sensing and sensor protection. Opt. Express. 4(11) 431 2. 

Khoo, I. C., M. V. Wood, M. Y. Shih, and P. H. Chen. 1999. Extremely nonlinear photosensitive liquid cry stals for image sensing and sensor protectioa Opt Express. 4(11 ) 431 142 Shih, M. Y., I. C. Khoo, A. Shishido, M. V. Wood, and P. H. Chen. 2000. All-optical image processing with a supra nonlinear dye-doped liquid crystal film. Opt Lett. 25 978-980. 

Activities associated with bioreactors include gas/hquid contacting, on-hne sensing of concentrations, mixing, heat transfer, foam control, and feed of nutrients or reagents such as those for pH control. The workhorse of the fermentation industry is the conventional batch fermenter shown in Fig. 24-3. Not shown are ladder rungs inside the vessel, antifoam probe, antifoam system, and sensors (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and the like). Note that coils may lie between baffles and the tank wall or connect to the top to minimize openings... 

A thermistor is a thermally sensitive, semiconductor solid-state device, which can only sense and not monitor (cannot read) the temperature of a sensitive part of equipment where it is located. It can operate precisely and consistently at the preset value. The response time is low and is of the order of 5-10 seconds. Since it is only a temperature sensor, it does not indicate the temperature of the windings or where it is located but only its preset condition. 

Vol. 144. Surface-Launched Acoustic Wave Sensors Chemical Sensing and Thin-Film Characterization. By Michael Thompson and David Stone... 

The oscillation of membrane current or membrane potential is well-known to occur in biomembranes of neurons and heart cells, and a great number of experimental and theoretical studies on oscillations in biomembranes as well as artificial membranes [1,2] have been carried out from the viewpoint of their biological importance. The oscillation in the membrane system is also related to the sensing and signal transmission of taste and olfaction. Artificial oscillation systems with high sensitivity and selectivity have been pursued in order to develop new sensors [3-8]. 

Gas-sensing electrodes. A gas-sensing electrode consists of a combination electrode that is normally used to detect a gas in its solution by immersion. The sensor contains the inner sensing element, usually a glass electrode or another ISE, and around this a layer of a 0.1 Af electrolyte, surrounded by a gas-permeable membrane. On immersion of the sensor this membrane contacts the solution of the gas which diffuses through it until an overall equilibrium is established, i.e., the partial pressure of the gas attains an equilibrium between sample solution and membrane and between membrane and sensor electrolyte. For a better understanding of the interaction between this electrolyte and the... 

Macrocyclic Compounds in Analytical Chemistry. Edited by Yury A. Zolotov Surface-Launched Acoustic Wave Sensors Chemical Sensing and Thin-Film Characterization. By Michael Thompson and David Stone Modern Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Edited by T. J. Platzner High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis Theory, Techniques, and Applications. Edited by Morteza G. Khaledi... 

Piezoelectric ceramics, which depend on lead compounds, are used to produce transducers and sensors which make possible ultrasound technologies used in wide-ranging medical and commercial applications, guidance and sensing systems used in defense and commerce, and in addition, new "smart materials" research projects. 

Also here the small sensing volume makes this kind of sensors attractive devices for high-sensitivity sensing and detection down to the single molecule level. 

Lukosz W., Principles and sensitivities of integrated optical and surface plasmon sensors for direct affinity sensing and immunosensing, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1992 6 261-289. 

In the summer of 2004, the NATO A.S.I. on the subject Optical Chemical Sensors was organised in Erice, Sicily. This NATO A.S.I. was the 40th Course of the International School of Quantum Electronics, under the auspices of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Center for Scientific Culture and was directed by Dr. J. Homola of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronic (IREE) of the Academy of Sciences in Prague and by Dr. F.Baldini of the Nello Carrara Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC-CNR). It is also the fourth course in the framework of the ASCOS (Advanced Study Course on Optical Chemical Sensors) series, founded in 1999 by Prof. Otto Wolfbeis. This book presents the Proceedings of this advanced course providing a deep overview of both the fundamentals of optical chemical sensing and the applications of chemical sensors. 

Ion-selective electrodes are now well understood in terms of the underlying theory, and this has made it possible for new sensing principles to emerge that make use of the thousands of chemical receptors originally developed for ion-selective electrodes. One is the field of optical sensors, which has not been discussed here because it is outside the focus of this chapter. Such so-called bulk optodes do not require electrical connectivity between the sensing and detection unit and are therefore more easily brought into various shapes and sizes, including particle formats, which suit the need of modem chemical analysis. 

---