SPMD, semipermeable membrane device

Prest, H.F., W.M. Jarman, S.A. Bums, T. Weismuller, M. Martin, and J.N. Huckins. 1992. Passive water sampling via semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) in concert with bivalves in the Sacramento/San Joaquin river delta. Chemosphere 25 1811-1823. 

Due to the predicted and previously detected low concentrations of pesticides in environmental samples (usually around the nanogram per liter level), a preconcentration step of the water samples is necessary prior to measurement. In this way, a preconcentration factor of several orders of magnitude (200-1,000-fold) is mandatory to reach the low detection limits necessary for the identification of pesticides, especially in complex wastewater samples. Also, the use of surrogate standards (e.g., triphenyl phosphate) added before the extraction step is a common practice in order to account for possible errors during the extraction process and for quantitative purposes. The commonly used extraction methods for polar compounds from water matrices involve isolation using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), which are commented on below. Other methods such as semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) are also mentioned. 

Petty JD, Huckins JN, Martin DB. 1995. Use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDS) to determine bioavailable organochlorine pesticide residues in streams receiving irrigation drainwater. Chemosphere 30(10) 1891-1903. 

In the following sections we highlight only selected works that have contributed toward the further development of passive samplers for SVOCs and/or HOCs. The literature related to the development and use of passive samplers for monitoring gases or VOCs in occupational environments is large. However, these publications are discussed only briefly, because lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are primarily designed for SVOCs. 

Based on earlier work (Lieb and Stein, 1969 Chiou, 1985 Sddergren, 1987 Zabik, 1988) Huckins etal. (1989,1990a, 1993) flrstdeveloped and tested two types of lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for in situ passive sampling of bioavailable dissolved aqueous-phase HOCs. The lipid-containing... 

Huckins, J.N. Petty, J.D. Prest, H.F. Clark, R.C. Alvarez, D.A. Orazio, C.E. Lebo, J.A. Cranor, W.L. Johnson, B.T. 2002a, A Guide for the Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) as Samplers of Waterborne Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants Publication No. 4690 American Petroleum Institute (API) Washington, DC. 

Petty, J.D. and Orazio, C.E. 1996, Application of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) Ay Passive Monitors of the Environment of Antarctica. USGS, Midwest Science Center, Columbia, MO Unpublished report to National Science Foundation Washington, DC. 

Rantalainen, A.-L. Ikonomou, M.G. Rogers, I.H. 1998, Lipid-containing semipermeable-membrane devices (SPMDs) as concentrators of toxic chemicals in the Lower Fraser River, British Co mAA2LCheniosphere 37 1119—1138. 

Bartkow, M.E. Huckins, J.N. Muller, J.F. 2004, Field-based evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atmos. Errviron. 38 5983-5900. 

Ellis, G.S. Huckins, J.N. Rostad, C.E. Schmitt, C.J. Petty J.D. MacCarthy, P. 1995, Evaluation of lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for monitoring organochlorine contaminants in the Upper Mississippi River. Environ. Toxicol. Cherrc 14 1875-1884. 

Gustavson, K.E. and Haikin, J.M. 2000 Comparison of sampling techniques and evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for monitoring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in groundwater. Environ Sci. Technol. 34 4445 451. 

Huckins, J.N. Petty, J.D. Orazio, C.E. Zajicek, J.L. Gibson, V.L. Clark, R.C. Echols, K.R. 1994, Semipermeable Membrane Device (SPMD) Sampling Rates for Trace Organic Contaminants in Air and Water. Abstract of the 15 th Annual meeting of Society of Ertvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry Denver, CO. Abstract MBOl. 

Lohman, R. Corrigan, B.P. Howsam, M. Jones, K.C. Ockenden, W.A. 2001, Further developments in the use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants Field application in a spatial survey of PCDD/Fs and PAHs. Environ. Sci. 

Lebo, J.A. Gale, R.W. Petty, J.D. Tillitt, D.E. Huckins, J.N. Meadows, J.C. Orazio, C.E. Echols, K.R. Schroeder, D.J. Inmon, L.E. 1995, Use of the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) as an in situ sampler of waterborne bioavailable PCDD and PCDF residues at sub-part-per-quadrillion concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 2886-2892. 

Cleveland, L. Little, E.E. Petty, J.D. Johnson, B.T. Lebo, J.A. Orazio, C.E. Dionne. J. Crockett, A. 1997, Toxicological and chemical screening of Antarctica sediments Use of whole sediment toxicity tests, Microtox, Mutatox, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Mar. Pollut. Bull 34 194-202. 

Huckins J.N. Prest H.F Petty J.D. R0e T.I. Meadows J.C. Echols K.R. Lebo J.A. Clark R.C. 1998, A Overview of the Results of Several Comparisons of Lipid-containing Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Biomonitoring Organisms for Assessing Organic Chemical Exposure. Abstracts of the 19th Annual National Meeting SETAC Charlotte, NC November 15-19, 1998 p 215. 

Parrott, J.L. and Tillitt, D.E. 1997,The use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) to Concentrate Inducers of Fish Hepatic Mixed Function Oxygenase (MFO). In Ecotoxicology Responses, Biomarkers, and Risk Assessment. An OECD Workshop Zelikoff, J.T., Ed. SOS Publications Pair Haven, NJ. pp. 185—196. 

Petty, J.D. Jones, S.B. Huckins, J.N. Cranor, W.L. Parris, J.T. McTague, T.B. Boyle, TP. 2000, An approach for assessment of water quality using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and bioindicator tests. Chemosphere 41 311—321. 

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