Selection deterministic approach

This semi-deterministic approach is interesting because the basis of reference spectra used for the modelling of real spectra is made up of spectra mixtures and specific mineral or organic compounds, the optical properties of which often explain a part of the UV spectra. The reference spectra of mixtures are statistically representative of the different heterogeneous fractions of wastewater, because they are selected from wastewater fractionation. For each wastewater sample, several nitrations are carried out (1 and 0.025 ixm), and the spectra of the filtrate are acquired. The differential spectra are then considered for the basis constitution (Table 2). 

Where a deterministic approach has been selected for the hazard evaluation or directly for the design basis specification, an estimation of the associated return period should be made, at least to allow a comparison with national standards for the design of industrial facilities. This value should then be assessed in the safety assessment phase, as recommended in Ret [9]. 

In the probabilistic approach for hazard evaluation, this information is complemented by a selected probability limit (value), but it is not to be used in a deterministic design (structural and functional). In the deterministic approach for hazard evaluation, the reference load case may be identified without explicit reference to an aircraft type or to a probability of occurrence. 

The safety principle and safety system design are described in Sects. 6.2 and 6.3, respectively. Then, the deterministic approach to the Super LWR safety is described in Sects. 6.4-6.7 these describe safety analysis methods, selection and classification of abnormal events, the criteria for safety analyses, and the results of safety analyses. In addition, development of a transient subcharmel analysis code and its application to the flow decreasing events are described in Sect. 6.8. Based on the safety system design and the deterministic safety analyses, level-1 probabilistic safety assessment (PSA), which is also called level-1 probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), is presented. 

The results of the model considered in this Chapter under uncertainty and with risk consideration, as one can intuitively anticipate, yielded different petrochemical network configurations and plant capacities when compared to the deterministic model results. The concepts of EVPI and VSS were introduced and numerically illustrated. The stochastic model provided good results as the objective function value was not too far from the results obtained using the wait-and-see approach. Furthermore, the results in this Chapter showed that the final petrochemical network was more sensitive to variations in product prices than to variation in market demand and process yields when the values of 0i and 02 were selected to maintain the final petrochemical structure. 

More recently a hybrid approach to computer-assisted catalyst synthesis, based on a microkinetic analysis of the catalytic reaction, has been put forward which comprises essentially deterministic but also some non-deterministic features. For the synthesis of a catalyst with high activity and selectivity for a given reaction, the application of a microkinetic analysis has been suggested by Dumesic and co-workers [43-45]. The derivation of the microkinetics is not necessarily based on detailed kinetic experimentation but, by analogy, to similarities with other known catalytic processes. In an ideal situation, the microkinetics of a catalytic reaction are completely defined according to Dumesic and his collaborators when ... 

Selection of the appropriate metric for use in the risk assessment can have a significant impact on the outcome of an assessment. Regardless of the mathematical approach used, it is important that harmonized guidance exists for metric selection. Guidance should be based on a number of considerations, including data quality, data quantity, distribution type, duration of exposure and nature of the toxicology endpoint. Based on personal experience with numerous deterministic exposure assessments, it is clear that regulatory authorities differ with respect to input and output metric selections. 

Guidance for selecting an appropriate mathematical approach for a given exposure scenario (deterministic versus probabilistic) and guidance regarding conduct of acceptable probabilistic assessments. 

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