Sediment trace elements

Horowitz, A.J. 1991. A primer on Sediment -trace element chemistry. Lewis Publishers Ltd., Chelsea, Ml. 

Horowitz, A.J. and Eldrick, K.A. (1987) Surface area and its interrelation with grain size, geochemical phase and sediment-trace element chemistry. Appl. Geochem., 2, 437. 

Horowitz, A. (1991). A Primer on Sediment-Trace Element Chemistry, 2nd ed.. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, ML... 

CRM320 River sediment - trace elements Certified values for 10 metals... 

PACS-2 Harbour sediment - trace elements and organotin compounds Certified values for 28 metals and mono-, di- and tributyltin compounds collected from Esquimalt Harbour, British Columbia, Canada... 

MURST-ISS-A1 Antarctic sediment - trace elements Soil - uncontaminated Certified values for 10 metals collected during the IX Italian Expedition (1993-1994) in Antarctica... 

The insensitivity of the sediment record of deep lakes to changes in trace element supply, does not mean that the trace element concentration profile in the sediment cannot show sharp changes. A change in the particle deposition rate will cause an instantaneous change in sediment composition through dilution. However, for deep lakes, particularly for low Kd values, this dilution effect is reduced by the high water column trace element inventory (Fig, 8b). This means that in deep lakes it is important not to infer external trace element supply simply using sediment trace element accumulation rates. 

The various effects of deep water, illustrated in Figure 8, mean that a trace element concentration peak in the sediment of a deep lake need not imply a supply event. While the model makes this clear, as discussed above, unique deconvolution of the smoothed and distorted sediment record is not possible. However, the model does allow constraints to be placed on possible interpretations of the record. For example, m Lake Baikal the model served to demonstrate that the sediment Pb record is compatible with the expected Pb supply history (Boyle et al., 1998). It also showed that observed stratigraphic changes in the sediment trace element concentration were too sharp to be explained by supply effects, and that changes m needed to be considered. 

This section will consider three specific issues of relevance to palaeolimnology surface sediment trace element enrichment diffusion of elements within the sediment and the role of Fe and Mn reduction in the potential remobilization of trace elements. 

Horowitz, A. J., K. A. Elrick, J. A. Robbins R. B. Cook, 1995. The effects of mining and related activities on the sediment trace-element geochemistry of Lake Coeur D Alene, Idaho, USA. 2 Subsurface sediments. Hydrological Processes 9 35-54. 

Horowitz, A. J. Robbins, J. A. Elrick, K. A. Cook, R B. Bed Sediment-Trace Element Geochemistry of Terrace Reservoir, near Summitville, Southwestern Colorado. USGS, Open-File Report 96-344, 1996. 

X-RAY FLUORESCENCE DETERMINATION OE MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN VARIOUS TYPES OE ROCKS, SOILS AND SEDIMENTS BY PIONEER SPECTROMETER... 

Sediment Analysis. Sediment is the most chemically and biologically active component of the aquatic environment. Benthic invertebrate and microbial life concentrate in the sediment, a natural sink for precipitated metal forms, and an excellent sorbent for many metal species. TTie extent to which potentially toxic trace element forms bind to sediment is determined by the sediment s binding intensity and capacity and various solution parameters, as well as the concentration and nature of the metal forms of interest. Under some conditions sediment analyses can readily indicate sources of discharged trace elements. 

The results of map generation cannot be expressed effectively with the format available here. However, the State of Oregon utilized the map and matrix techniques in their nonpoint source evaluation and as a basis for designing more intensive survey approaches to assessing the impact of human activity on river quality. In addition to reflecting deposition of sediments, the methods can be applied to transport of pesticides, nutrients and trace elements since many of these substances tend to adsorb to the organic and inorganic fractions of soil. 

Comparative Media Evaluation. Table 4 is a summary of trace element occurrences for water, sediment, fish and rocks in Oregon as compared with concentrations measured elsewhere in the world. Details of the comparison parameters are provided in the footnotes to Table 4. The table indicates that no excessively high concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements exist in Willamette River water relative to "uncontaminated sites. 

Table 4. Summary of Trace Element Occurrences for Water, Sediment, Fish and Rocks in Oregon and Elsewhere with Comparisons...

Shimp, N.F. Schlercher, J.S. Ruch, R.R. Heck, D.B. Leland, H.V. Trace Element and Organic Carbon Accumlation in the Most Recent Sediments of Southern Lake Michigan. Environ. Geo. 1971 Notes 41, 25. 

Frye, J.C. Shimp, N.F. Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Sediments of... 

Richert, D.A. Kennedy, B.C. McKenzie, S.W. Hines, W.G. A Synoptic Survey of Trace Elements in Bottom Sediments of the Willamette River, Oregon. Geol. Survey Circ. 715F, USGS, Reston VA, 1977 1-27. 

The atmosphere may be an important transport medium for many other trace elements. Lead and other metals associated with industrial activity are found in remote ice caps and sediments. The transport of iron in wind-blown soil may provide this nutrient to remote marine areas. There may be phosphorus in the form of phosphine, PH3, although the detection of volatile phosphorus has not been convincingly or extensively reported to date. 

The number of samples of reference material needed is a commercial issue in the first place. An important variable is the number of samples likely to be sold during the lifetime ( shelf life ) of the reference material. As the lifetime is a function of the intrinsic stability of the material, this variable also affects the amount of raw material is needed. For instance, microbiological materials have limited intrinsic stability, and therefore their lifetime is expected to be shorter than for a dry sediment certified for trace elements. So, under the assumption of an equal number of sam-... 

Klemm W, Baumeach G (1995) Trace element determination in contaminated sediments and soils by ultrasonic slurry sampling and Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Fresenius J Anal Chem 353 12-15. 

The literature includes a number of mis-matches, the following standing as examples for the many The use of bovine liver and other animal tissues for QC in the analysis of hmnan body fluids should not be considered by analysts. The matrix and the levels of trace elements do not match the levels to be analyzed, which may lead to serious errors. An even more severe mis-use was recently reported by Schuhma-cher et al. (1996) for NIST SRM 1577a Bovine Liver, which was used for QC in the analysis of trace elements in plant materials and soil samples in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator. Also recently, Cheung and Wong (1997) described how the quality control for the analysis of trace elements in clams (shellfish) and sediments was performed with the same material NIST SRM 1646, Estuarine sediment. Whilst the selected SRM was appropriate for sediments, its usefulness as a QC tool for clams is difficult to prove see also Chapter 8. This inappropriate use is the more mystifying because a broad selection of suitable shellfish RMs from various producers is available. 

Sediment may be added by bulk mixing via imbricate thnisting (Bebout and Barton 2002), dehydration (Class et al. 2000), or melting (Johnson and Plank 1999). The latter two may differ in their P-T conditions and, therefore, residual mineralogy as well as relevant partition coefficients. In general, fluids are less effective transport agents than melts (i.e., trace elements are more soluble in melt than in pure water or even brine), but fluid/solid partitioning can fractionate some elements, notably Ba-Th and U-Th, more than melt/solid. However, as pressure increases, the distinction between fluid and melt decreases as their mutual solubility increases and they approach a critical end-point. 

Plank T, Langmuir CH (1993) Tracing trace elements from sediment input to volcanic output at subduction zones. Nature 362 739-743... 

Tinner S, Foden J (2001) U, Th and Ra disequilibria, Sr, Nd and Pb isotope and trace element variations in Sunda arc lavas predominance of a subducted sediment component. Contrib Mineral Petrol 142 43-57 Turner S, Evans P, Hawkesworth C, (2001) Ultra-fast source-to-surface movement of melt at island arcs from Ra- °Th systematics. Science 292 1363-1366... 

Roberts MS, Smart PL, Hawkesworth CJ, Perkins WT, Pearee NJP (1999). Trace element variations in coeval Holocene speleothems from GB Cave, southwest England. The Holocene 9 138-139 Robinson LF, Henderson GM, Slowey NC (2002) U-Th dating of marine isotope stage 7 in Bahamas slope sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett 196 175-187... 

Removal to sediments. Removal of surface-reactive trace elements from the oceans readily occurs by adsorption onto settling particles, and this process is most pronounced in the typically high-energy, particle-rich estuarine environment. Particles are supplied by rivers, augmented by additions of organic material generated within the estuary. Also, floes are created in estuaries from such components as humic acids and Fe. The interaction between dissolved and colloidal species is enhanced by the continuous resuspension of sediments in... 

Borole DV, Krishnaswami S, Somayajulu BLK (1977) Investigations on dissolved uranium, silicon and on particulate trace elements in estuaries. Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci 5 743-754 Borole DV, Krishnaswami S, Somayajulu BLK (1982) Uranium isotopes in rivers, estuaries and adjacent coastal sediments of western India their weathering, transport and oceanic budget. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46 125-137... 

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