Sedative Expectorants

Expectorants and antitussive agents may be broadly classified into the following three categories (/) Sedative Expectorants (n) Stimulant (Irritant) Expectorants iii) Centrally Acting Antitussive Agents. 

These group of drugs specifically help in the secretion of a protective mucous film that covers up inflamed membranes and increases the efficiency of the removal of slimy exudates by coughing. 

Sedative expectorants may be further sub-divided into three different classes  

A few examples belonging to the class of sedative expectorants will now be discussed here. Examples Acetylcysteine Bromhexine hydrochloride Ammonium chloride Prepared Ipecacuanha Liquorice Cocillana Potassium iodide. 

Mucomyst (Mead Johnson) Aribron (Duncan, Flockhard, U.K.)  

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Expectorants enhance the production of respiratory tract fluid and thus faciUtate the mobilisation and discharge of bronchial secretions. Historically, expectorants have been divided iato two classes based on specific mechanisms of action. Stimulant expectorants iacrease respiratory tract secretion by a direct effect on the bronchial secretory cells. Sedative expectorants act by gastric reflex stimulation. Many compounds classed as expectorants have been iaadequately studied and the mechanisms of action are not known with certainty. 

Veratrum virlde. Amerloan Hellebore, Sedative, expectorant to be used with caution. 4 to 8 drops. Norwood s tinct. 1[lb.] 0[oz.]... 

What are sedative expectorants Classify them and give the structure chemical name and uses of one compoimd from each group. 

Traditional use Fruits, which are collected in July and August, are used for medicinal purposes. They are used as a sedative, expectorant, diuretic, and is included in a preparation used as a carminative, laxative, sedative, and to increase appetite (Turova and Sapozhnikova 1984). 

Tricyclic skeletons are rarely found. Research data indicate that specific cyclases are involved in the synthesis of individual enantiomers [41,63], Monoterpenoids are most often the constituents of volatile oils, which are widely utilized in perfumery and in medicine as carminatives, sedatives, expectorants, and antimicrobial agents. Some most important essential oils are derived from peppermint leaf, lavender, coriander, caraway, lemon peel, turpentine, rosemary, sage, and others. 

Many antihistaminics have been added to antitussive/expectorant formulations. They do not act on cough centre but provide relief due to their sedative and anticholinergic action. 

Arisaema consanguineum Mart. China Alkaloids, saponin, benzoic acid.33-49 This herb is highly toxic. Treat tetanus, spasms, epilepsy, neuralgia. Sedative, anticonvulsive, an expectorant. 

N.A. Triterpene glycosides, actein, tannins, cimicifugoside, isoflavones, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, resin.99-100 103 119-120 Promote menstrual flow, antirheumatic, expectorant, sedative. Treat inflammatory arthritis, high blood pressure, whooping cough, and asthma. 

Herbs for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis Expectorants, antitussives, and dyspnea-relieving herbs Sedatives... 

Cowslip has sedative, antispasmodic, hypnotic, mild diuretic, expectorant, and mild aperient properties. It is used to treat insomnia, nervous excitability, hysteria, and particularly anxiety states associated with restlessness and irritability. 

Skunk cabbage is stated to possess expectorant, antispasmodic, and mild sedative properties. Traditionally, it has been used for bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, and specifically for bronchitic asthma. 

Emetics, when administered in small doses, act as expectorants and are used in inflammatory conditions of the respiratory tract to increase the bronchial secretion and render it less tenacious. The most commonly used expectorants are ipecac, ammonium chloride, and apomorphine. The last named is administered in doses of 1 mg in the form of an elixir or syrup. Apomorphine injected in subemetic doses of 1 to 2 mg is also used as a sedative in the delirium following anesthesia, in acute alcoholic psychosis, and in patients manifesting severe agitation prior to anesthesia. 

Crocus sativus L., commonly known as saffron, is used in folk medicine as an antispasmodic, eupeptic, gingival sedative, anticatarrhal, nerve sedative, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, aphrodisiac, and emmenagogue. Furthermore, modem pharmacological studies have demonstrated that saffron extract or its active constituents have antitumor effects, radical scavenger properties, and hypolipemic effects (see Rios et al., 1996). 

Rhoeadine (R = CH3) was isolated for the first time by Hesse (665) in 1865. It has always been considered to be ineffective physiologically as well as poisonous. In children, the sedative and slightly expectorant effect of the syrup prepared from the flowers of P. rhoeas L. (where rhoeadine is the major alkaloid) could not be explained, nor can it be explained why cattle avoid P. rhoeas (666). Hakim (667) observed, after administration of seed oil and extracts from poppy heads of P. rhoeas, an increase in intraocular pressure in rabbits. Lieb and Scherf (372) administered rhoeadine to rabbits and found a significant decrease in intraocular pressure, mydriasis, and a slight stimulation of respiration. For details refer to Section II, N on the benzophenanthri-dine alkaloids. The increase in intraocular pressure is apparently not caused by rhoeadine. Awe (668) observed spasms after administration... 

Ketones 3-10% - anti-inflammatory, analgesic, skin healing, calming, digestive, expectorant, sedative. 

Every formulary is replete with combinations of antitussives, expectorants, mucolytics, broncho-dilators and sedatives. Although choice is not critical, a knowledge of the active ingredients is important, for some contain sedative anti-muscarinic antihistamines or phen)rpropanolamines (which may antagonise antihypertensives). Use of... 

Methocarbamol, USP. Methocarbamol. 3-(o-me-thoxyphcnoxy)-l.2-pn>panediol l-carbamate (Robaxin). is said to be more. sustained in effect than mephenesin. Likely sites for metabolic attack inciude the secondary hydroxyl group and the two ring positions opposite the ether functions. The dihydric parent compound, guaifenesin, is u.sed as an expectorant. 

Grindelia robusta is a perennial species native to California. The leaves and flowering tops of G. robusta are antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, balsamic, demulcent, expectorant, sedative, stomachic, vascular tonic and a blood purifier. The plant is applied externally as a... 

Pharmaceutical creosote preparations are derived from the processing of such woody plants as beechwood (von Burg and Stout 1992). Wood creosote (beechwood creosote) is a yellow, transparent liquid with a characteristic smoky odor, obtained by fractional distillation of wood tar. It is composed primarily of phenol, phenols, cresols, guaiacols, xylenols, and small amounts of alkyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-l-ones. It has been used as an expectorant, a gastric sedative, a gastrointestinal antiseptic, and particularly as an antidiarrheal agent (Ogata et al. 1993). Wood creosote and coal tar creosote are chemically distinct, and should not be confused with one another (see Chapter 4). 

R. a. are insoluble in water, chloroform, ether, poorly soluble in ethyl acetate and methylene chloride. Rhoeadine is weakly toxic [LD50 (rats i.p.) 530 mg/kg]. It effects dilatation of the pupils. Papaver rhoeas extracts are used as sedatives and expectorants, however, these uses are not attributed to the rhoeadine content. 

Uses Fragrance in soaps, aromatherapy, cosmetics, perfumes in insect repellents for microscopy folk medicine (antiseptic, astringent, expectorant, fungicide, sedative) ManuUDisthb. Hunan Xinyu http //www.hunanxinyu. com, Riedel-deHaen http //www. rdh-iab. de Trade Name Synonyms Custosense Cedar [Custom Ingreds. 

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