Redwood seconds

Heavy fuel oil feedstock of viscosity 900 seconds Redwood One (2.57 x 10-4 m2/s) at 100°F with the following analysis ... 

Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS), Degree Engler, and Seconds Redwood are applicable to fluids with centistokes greater than 50. 

SSU Seconds Saybolt Universal SSF Seconds Saybolt Furel Kinematic Viscosity Centistokes (cSt) Seconds Redwood (standard)... 

Saybolt Universal Viscosity at Redwood Seconds at Engler Degrees at all Temps. 

Bunker-fuel specifications for merchant vessels are described by ASTM D 2069, Standard Specification for Marine Fuels. Deep draft vessels carry residual (e.g., No. 6 fuel oil) or distillate-residual blend for main propulsion, plus distillate for start-up, shutdown, maneuvering, deck engines, and diesel generators. Main-propulsion fuel is identified principally by its viscosity in centistokes at 373 K. Obsolete designations include those based on Redwood No. 1 seconds at 100°F (311 K) (e.g., "MD 1500 ) and the designations "Bunker A for No. 5 fuel oil and "Bunker B and "Bunker C for No. 6 fuel oil in the lower-and upper-viscosity ranges, respectively. 

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY-STOKES REDWOOD VISCOSITY-SECONDS... 

Redwood viscosity—method for determining the viscosity of petroleum products it is widely used in Europe, but has limited use in the U.S. The method is similar to Saybolt Universal viscosity viscosity values are reported as "Redwood seconds."... 

Heller and colleagues at Advanced Polymer Systems (Redwood City, CA) continue to develop additional polyorthoesters with a variety of physical properties and potential applications. ° Generally speaking, polyorthoesters do possess the potential to exhibit surface-eroding behavior. However, several issues that may limit the commercial application of this class of polymers are still present. One issue is that synthesis of these polymers involves complicated monomers and polymerization chemistry. The second issue is, to date, the toxicology and biocompatibility of these polymers and their degradation products have not yet been fully characterized. Finally, the requirement for pH-regulating additives such as acids and bases... 

P. D. Lambiasc, R. J. Edwards, M. R. Cusack, C. A. Bucknall, S. R. Redwood, M. S. Marbcr, Exercise - induced ischemia initates the second window of protection in humans independent of collateral recruitment, JAm Coll Cardiol 41, 1174-82 (2003). 

There are other, empirical, scales in use such as SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds) or the Redwood scales, and conversion scales are available. Base oil grades are sometimes referred to by their SUS viscosities. 

The Achilles heel of the AIMS system was the Redwood microvalves that were used for positive flow shut-off Failures generally occurred when the system was first powered up, which suggested that power transients were the cause of many of the problems. Specifically, these valves were thermally actuated, so opening one of the SOVs produced a large transient current draw of about one amp, but for less than % second. Adjustments were made in the LabVIEW control program to prevent the simultaneous actuation of multiple valves. In particular, the valves were not allowed to actuate when power was first applied to the chassis. 

This empirical method is used in Europe but has little use in North America. Like the Saybolt method, this method measures the time for a fixed volume to flow out of a standard Redwood viscometer by the IP70 procedure and the result is reported in Redwood seconds. 

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill./Balsam fir Larix occidentalis Nutt./Western larch Picea glauca (Moench) Voss./White spruce Pinus banksiana Lamb./Jack pine Pinus elliottii Engelm./Slash pine Pinus strobus L./Eastern white pine Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl./Redwood Old growth Second growth... 

Living organisms are amazingly complex. A myriad of chemical reactions take place every second in every organism on Earth, from simple one-celled bacteria to chimpanzees, elephants, redwood trees, and human beings. Much of human health revolves around maintaining a proper balance of the chemicals found in our bodies. The more a person understands about the principles of chemistry as appUed to biochemical processes, the more he or she will be able to optimize his or her own health. 

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