Secondary cysts

Echinococcus cysticus is generally visualized as a multilocular septate cyst with embedded secondary cysts. Both primary and secondary cysts are surrounded by inflammatory granular tissue. During the subsequent course of the disease, calcium deposition is seen in the cystic wall. The application of CM results in mural enhancement. The resulting demarcation of the cysts within the liver is relatively sharp. (8) (s. p. 497)... 

Luedders, V.D. and Dropkin, V.D. (1983) Effects of secondary selection on cyst nematode reproduction on soybean. Crop Science 23, 263. 

Albendazole (Albenza) is primarily used to treat infections caused by the larval form of certain cestodes (tapeworms). These infections often cause cysts (hydatid disease) in the liver, lungs, and other tissues albendazole is used as an adjunct to the surgical removal of these cysts or as the primary treatment if these cysts are inoperable. This drug is also effective against many gastrointestinal roundworms and hookworms, and is typically used as a secondary agent if other anthelmintics are not effective in treating these infections. 

Fig. 10.4. Potential development of a protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis in different habitats. 1, In the dog gut, the scolex evaginates, the organism attaches to the mucosa, differentiates in a strobilar direction and develops into an adult tapeworm. 2, In vivo, if a hydatid cyst bursts or leaks (as during a surgical operation) each protoscolex can differentiate in a cystic direction and form a (secondary) hydatid cyst. (After Smyth, 1987b.)...

Chowdhury, N. Kinger, S. Ahuja, S. P. (1986). The chemical composition of secondary hydatid cysts of buffalo origin. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 80 469-71. 

Table 8.7 The contents of PolyPs and P in Acetabularia crenulata at different stages of development (Kulaev et al., 1975). The stages of growth were as follows (1) young cells, 1.5-2 cm long (2) cells 2.5-3 cm long, up to 2 mm in diameter (3) cells with umbellulles tilled with secondary nuclei (4) cells with mature umbellulles tilled with cysts.

Renal size and structure have been evaluated by MRI in 16 patients with renal insufficiency and nephropathy thought to be secondary to lithium (377). There were renal microcysts in all patients. All the patients had nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, in which antidiuretic hormone concentrations are raised, and there is evidence that antidiuretic hormone can stimulate the production of renal cysts, by an action mediated via cyclic AMP (378). 

Three cases of secondary sclerosing cholangitis developed during the early postoperative phase of surgical treatment of hydatid liver cysts in which formaldehyde was used one... 

Rhinitis, bronchospasm, and asthma can occur as a manifestation of hypersensitivity to penicillamine (SEDA-5, 248) (61-63) and rarely of the Churg-Strauss syndrome (64). Rhinitis can also be a symptom of peni-ciUamine-induced pemphigus (65). In one patient a large pulmonary cyst developed concomitantly with skin lesions characteristic of the use of large doses of penicillamine (66). Microscopic derangement of the elastic fibers predominated. Although the frequency is uncertain, penicillamine can be associated with recurrent respiratory tract infections, that is secondary to IgA deficiency (67,68) or as part of the yellow nail syndrome (SEDA-9, 223). 

Ultraviolet radiation Very effective for viruses and bacteria. Readily available. No harmful residuals. Simple operation and maintenance. Inappropriate for water with Giardia cysts, high suspended solids, high color, high turbidity, or soluble organics. Requires a secondary disinfectant. 

Chloramines Mildly effective for bacteria. Long-lasting residual. Generally does not produce THMs. Some harmful by-products. Toxic effects for kidney dialysis patients. Only recommended as a secondary disinfectant. Ineffective against virases and cysts. 

Chloramination process can be applied to both water treatment and wastewater treatment (1,29). In the field of potable water treatment, chloramine is recommended as a secondary disinfectant because it is ineffective as a virucide, and is only marginally effective against Giardia cysts. It is formed from the combination of ammonia and chlorine (hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid). The chemical is generated on site, usually by injecting ammonia gas or adding an ammonium sulfate solution to chlorinated water. 

Patients should not try to remove these small, white, subcutaneous cysts themselves. If they are handled unnecessarily or too roughly, sometimes with the help of unorthodox instruments, secondary infections and/or scars can follow. 

Because medical conditions, emotional/behavioral symptoms, and physiologic indices change during the premenstrual and per-imenopause phases, it is important to rule out other disorders that may contribute to mood fluctuations or pain syndromes (Table 78-2). For example, dysmenorrhea may be primary, which occurs during ovulatory cycles, or secondary, which relates to pelvic pathology (e.g., infection caused by the placement of intrauterine devices, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cyst, endometrial cancer, adhesions, and benign uterine tumors). 

Endometriosis-associated pain is secondary to structural and/or inflammatory causes. The lesions may cause pain by compression of nerve fibers. Increased pressure within endometriomas (cysts within the ovary) has been linked to dyspareunia. Endometrial lesions also generate local inflammation with prostaglandin release and increase the risk of developing adhesions. Endometrial lesions contain estrogen and progesterone receptors, and symptoms may correlate with the cyclic release of hormones during the menstrual cycle. 

The knee also can be involved, with loss of cartilage, instability, and joint pain. Synovitis of the knee may cause the formation of a cyst behind the knee called a popliteal or Baker s cyst. These cysts may become painful as they get tense, or they may rupture, producing a clinical picture similar to thrombophlebitis secondary to the release of inflammatory components into the area of the calf muscle. Chronic joint pain leads to muscle atrophy, which can result in a laxity of the ligamentous structures that support the knee, causing instability. Maintenance of an adequate range of motion of the knee is essential to normal gait. 

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