Hydatid Cysts

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Pasteurellosis and other causes of pneumonia, East Coast fever, traumatic pericarditis, hydatid cyst, actinobacillosis and tuberculosis, and bovine farcy. 

Hydatid cysts Echinococcus granulosus Albendazole or Praziquantel... 

Albendazole has a broad spectrum of activity against intestinal nematodes and cestodes, as well as the fiver flukes Opisthorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis It also has been used successfully against Giardia lambfia. Albendazole is an effective treatment of hydatid cyst disease (echinococcosis), especially... 

Albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate. After oral administration, it is erratically absorbed (increased with a fatty meal) and then rapidly undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver to the active metabolite albendazole sulfoxide. It reaches variable maximum plasma concentrations about 3 hours after a 400-mg oral dose, and its plasma half-life is 8-12 hours. The sulfoxide is mostly protein-bound, distributes well to tissues, and enters bile, cerebrospinal fluid, and hydatid cysts. Albendazole metabolites are excreted in the urine. 

Cattle are commonly found to harbour hydatid cysts throughout the world but the... 

Sahni, J.K., Jain, M., Bajaj, Y., Kumar, V. and Jain, A. (2000) Submandibular hydatid cyst caused by Echinococcus oligarthrus. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 114, 473 76. 

Echinococcus granulosus Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and other herbivores (Man) Unilocular hydatid cyst Dog... 

E. multilocularis Microtine rodents (Man) Multilocular hydatid cyst Fox... 

Dennis, R.D., Baumeister, S., Irmer, G., Gasser, R.B. and Geyer, E. (1993) Chromatographic and antigenic properties of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst-derived glycolipids. Parasite Immunology 15, 669-681. 

A severe anaphylactoid reaction occurred immediately after the instillation of a 10% solution of povidone-iodine into a hydatid cyst cavity during surgery. Severe bronchospasm developed immediately and was followed by a coagulopathy and subsequent liver and renal insufficiency (33). 

Fig. 6.2. Prominent parasite antigens and host components in Echinococcus granulosus sheep cyst fluid (SCF). Labelled fluid was immunoprecipitated with lane 1, normal rabbit serum lane 2, rabbit anti-SCF lane 3, preabsorbed rabbit anti-SCF lane 4, rabbit anti-sheep whole serum. Antigens were reduced prior to electrophoresis. The major parasite antigens are shown arrowed at Mr 38000, 20000, 16000 and 12000. D.F., diffusion front. (Reprinted with permission from Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 25, Shepherd, J. C. McManus, D. P., Specific and cross-reactive antigens of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid, 1987, Pergamon Journals Ltd.)...

Fig. 6.9. Electrophoretic patterns obtained with soluble extracts of protoscoleces removed from hydatid cysts of human(H), camel(C), sheep(S), cattle(B) and goat(G) origin from Kenya. Upper panel stained for the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase lower panel stained for the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. (Reprinted with permission from International Journal for Parasitology, 12, Macpherson, C. N. L. McManus, D. P., A comparative study of Echinococcus granulosus from human and animal hosts in Kenya using isoelectric focusing and isoenzyme analysis, 1982, Pergamon Journals Ltd.)...

Fig. 10.4. Potential development of a protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis in different habitats. 1, In the dog gut, the scolex evaginates, the organism attaches to the mucosa, differentiates in a strobilar direction and develops into an adult tapeworm. 2, In vivo, if a hydatid cyst bursts or leaks (as during a surgical operation) each protoscolex can differentiate in a cystic direction and form a (secondary) hydatid cyst. (After Smyth, 1987b.)...

Unevaginated protoscolex (Fig. 10.5 (a)). The protoscolex remains undifferentiated as in a hydatid cyst. 

Vesicular type (Fig. 10.5 (b)). A protoscolex swells and becomes vesicular , taking on a cottage-loaf profile. This type becomes rounded, eventually secreting a laminated membrane (313,791) and developing into a miniature hydatid cyst (Fig. 10.5 (e)). The laminated membrane is strongly periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive and is composed of a mucopolysaccharide (Chapter 4). The origin of this membrane was previously in doubt, but the fact that it is entirely of parasite origin is demonstrated by the fact that it develops in vitro, even in protoscoleces cultured in a (serum-free) defined medium (313). 

Posterior bladder type (Fig. 10.5 (c)). A small bladder or vesicle develops in the posterior region of an unevaginated protoscolex, apparently arising from a few cells carried over from the germinal membrane to which it was previously attached within the brood capsule. This type also develops into a miniature hydatid cyst. 

Early workers attempted the cultivation of protoscoleces of E. granulosus (after enzyme treatment) using a variety of media (791). Miniature hydatid cysts with a laminated membrane developed (Fig. 10.5(c)) but brood capsules or protoscoleces were not formed. This was not surprising for in the natural hosts brood capsules with protoscoleces require some 9-12 months to develop. In later experiments, the anlagen of brood capsules appeared in some eight-month cystic cultures (804). 

Bahr, J. M., Frayha, G. J. Hajjar, J. J. (1979). Mechanism of cholesterol absorption by the hydatid cysts of Echinococus granulosus (Cestoda). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 62A 485-9. 

Chowdhury, N. Kinger, S. Ahuja, S. P. (1986). The chemical composition of secondary hydatid cysts of buffalo origin. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 80 469-71. 

Frayha, G. J. Haddad, R. (1980). Comparative chemical composition of protoscolices and hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus... 

Heath, D. D. Lawrence, S. B. (1976). Echinococcus granulosus development in vitro from oncosphere to immature hydatid cyst. Parasitology, 73 417-23. 

Mercer, J. G., Munn, A. E. Rees, H. H. (1987). Echinococcus granulosus, occurrence of ecdysteroids in protoscoleces and hydatid cyst fluid. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 24 203-14. 

Naash, M. T. Al-Janabi, B. M. (1982). Studies on some biochemical constituents of hydatid cyst fluid. Journal of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Mosul University, Iraq, 1 41-8. 

Richards, K. S. (1984). Echinococcus granulosus equinus the histochemistry of the laminated layer of the hydatid cyst. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologia, 22 21-3. 

Rogan, M. T. Richards, K. S. (1986). In vitro development of hydatid cysts from posterior bladders and ruptured brood capsules of equine Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitology, 92 379-90. 

The cytoskeleton of hydatid cyst cultured cells and its sensitivity to inhibitors. European Journal of Cell Biology, 30 182-90. 

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