Stainless steel substrates

Tf > 13% has been achieved for a three-stacked cell on a stainless steel substrate, and Tf > 10% for large area modules on a glass substrate that exhibit <15% degradation over several hundred hours of constant testing (7). 

Figure 7 shows the FOM of an AA cell and the PC content in EC/PC binary mixed-solvent electrolytes. With an increase in PC content, the lithium cycling efficiency (Eff) obtained with Li cycling on a stainless steel substrate increases. However, the FOM of the AA cell reaches its maximum value at EC/PC=1 9 [82], This result arises from the interaction between EC and the a-V205-P205 cathode. 

Electrodeposition of CdjcHgi jcTe films on a titanium [210] and stainless steel substrates [211] from a bath containing CdS04 and Te02 and HgCl2 was investigated. Film composition and band-gap energy were evaluated. 

A modification of this method used lower concentrations of ammonia (0.2 M for a Cd concentration of ca. 50 mM) in a sealed vessel, thus preventing irre-producibilities due to escape of ammonia vapor [85]. Treatment of the Ti and stainless steel substrates by soaking in a suspension of Cd(OH)2 improved the homogeneity of the films. At an ammnonia concentration of >0.3 M, no deposition occurred (at least within the time frame of these depositions—about one horn). 

Layers consisting of two components were realized by employing two targets. This is demonstrated in Figure 3.7 with the components zirconium and platinum on a stainless-steel substrate. Zirconium and platinum were evenly distributed within the layer. The surface roughness of the steel substrate was responsible for the steady incline of the iron concentration curve. 

Another area of development is in lower-cost thin- and ultrathin-film designs. One such product is made by Nanosolar of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), which is claimed to achieve up to 19.5% efficiency and is as thin as a newspaper. This claim is yet to be proved. The collector cost is also reduced, because the substrate material on which the ink is printed is much less expensive than the stainless steel substrates that are often used in thin-film solar panels. The manufacturer claims a five- to tenfold reduction in the collector cost (about 1/W) compared to conventional PV cells. 

Fig. 6.13 High resolution XPS spectrum of a nanoscale silicon deposit made potentio-statically at —2200 mV vs. Pt quasi-reference for 2h on a stainless steel substrate. (Dots original data obtained from the measurement. Solid lines fitted data. Dotted line ...

Table 7.8. Typical atomic concentrations of trace elements (all values given in ppm) in large-area diameter ZnO thin films on sapphire grown in a stainless steel PLD chamber with stainless steel substrate holder and KANTHAL-wire in AI2O3 ceramic tubes as heater element at about 650° C...

The polymer films were solvent cast on stainless steel substrates and air dried at 22C their final thickness was about 0.001 mn. After insertion into the ultra-high vacuum chamber througji a load-lock chamber, the polymers were warmed to temperatures above their respective glass transition temperatures for the time needed to remove the remaining solvent from the bulk of the film. 

Hu and Evans have analyzed the cracking and decohesion of brittle Cr films deposited on A1 and stainless steel substrates taking into consideration the critical values of non-... 

In addition to bulk alloys, Jian et al. investigated a clad structure that had Ni layers at both sides of a ferritic stainless steel substrate. After testing at 750°C for 1,000 h in 53.1% N2-25.2% H2-18.3% CO-3.3% CO2-0.17% CH4, the clad structure exhibited severe structural degradation due to carbon penetration through the Ni layers and formation of carbides in the ferritic stainless steel substrate along grain boundaries. 

The high-resolution mass spectrum shows approximately the expected isotope pattern for C o The increasing background in the low-resolution mass spectrum is not produced by the sample—such backgrounds also occur in blank measurements on uncoated stainless-steel substrates. 

The third example of field emission from Si-based nanowires is from the aligned SiC nanowires. The field emission measurements [68] were carried out in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of 5 x 10 Torr at room temperature. An oriented SiC nanowire array, which was used as the cathode, was stuck to a stainless steel substrate by silver paste with the bottom end of the nanowires facing upward. A copper plate with a diameter of 1 cm, mounted on a precision linear feedthrough, was used as the anode. Field emission current densities of 10 pA cm were observed at applied fields of 0.7-1.5 V pm and current densities of 10 mA cm were realized at applied fields as low as 2.5-3.5 V pm , as shown in Figure 10.35. These results represent one of the lowest fields ever reported for any field-emitting materials at technologically useful current densities. We attributed this emission... 

Palladium membranes have been prepared by electroless deposition on porous stainless steel substrates.60 The performance of these membranes as hydrogen diffusion electrodes was evaluated using a three-electrode cell in alkaline solution. The technical feasibility of these membranes as gas diffusion electrodes has been proven however, the activity of hydrogen oxidation was high at the beginning and significantly decreased with time. This behavior was attributed to the slow entry of hydrogen at the H2/Pd interface. 

Electroless Ag-PTFE composite coatings were prepared on stainless steel substrates for the prevention of biofilm growth.87 The anticorrosion properties of Ag-PTFE composite coatings were investigated in 0.9% NaCl solution. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Ag-PTFE composite coating was superior to that of stainless steel. 

Figure 7.21 XPS images of a TiAIN thin film on a stainless steel substrate (a) Ti 2p photoelectron image and (b) Fe 2p photoelectron image. (Reproduced with permission from D. Briggs and J.T. Grant, Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, IM Publications and Surface Spectra Ltd, Chichester. 2003 IM Publications.)...

In the early 1970 s a series of experiments were begun by Campbell, Spence, Schurr, and other collaborators to assess the effects of acid deposition on paint films. The work was a logical continuation of previous work by Holbrow, Tice, and Gutfreund. In the first of these experiments, using stainless steel substrates, the accelerated erosion of the paint surface by SO and 0 was eval... 

Fig. 5.6 The aluminum deposit on the different metal substrates with different electrolysis time (a) electrodeposition on Cu substrate for 4 h, (b) electrodeposition on nuld steel substrate for 4 h, (c) electrodeposition on mild steel substrate for 6 h, and (d) electrodeposition on stainless steel substrate for 6 h...

Wagner, S. Cheng, I. C. Kattamis, A. Z. CanneUa, V. Hong, Y. T. (2006). Flexible Stainless Steel Substrates for a-Si Display Backplanes, Proceedings of IDRC Symposium, pp. 

These resistances are due to the substrate, the FGM coating, the thermal resistance between the FGM coating and the lower thermocouple plate, the thermal resistance between the 403 stainless steel substrate and the upper thermocouple plate, and the thermal resistance between the substrate and coating. We use an environment of 50 kPa of helium to reduce the interfacial resistance... 

The thermal resistance between substrate and coating is probably negligibly small since the coating adheres well to the substrate, particularly for the few thermal cycles tested over here. For the thermal conductivity contribution of the 403 stainless steel substrate, we use data obtained previously on 410 stainless steel [8], Figure 5 shows thermal conductivity as a function of temperature for 410 stainless steel as measured in the guarded hot plate. 

Stainless steel substrates are used because of their suitable mechanical properties and stability against corrosion. Thin-film technology on steel substrates achieves high accuracy and long-term stability. A schematic cross section of a thin-film system for the creation of strain gauges on stainless steel is shown in Figure 5.4.1. The thin-film system contains four functional layers the isolation layer, which also forms the interface to the steel substrate the sensing layer the contact layer and finally, the passivation layer. 

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