Scrophulariaceae, root

Plant-Plant Recognition Chemistry-Mediating Host IdentiHcation in the Scrophulariaceae Root Parasites... 

Picrorhiza kurroa Scrophulariaceae Root Sharma and Dwivedi (1997)... 

Calmodulin (CaM) (Cucurbitaceae), Ceratonia siliqua (Fabaceae), Allium sativum (garlic) (Liliaceae) [bulb], Rehmannia gbitinosa (Scrophulariaceae) [root] Universal in eukaryotes eNOS activation by active... 

Chang, M. and D. G. Lynn, Plant-plant recognition Chemistry-mediating host identification in the Scrophulariaceae root parasites, in Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry (G. R. Waller, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 330, 551-561, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1987. 

Clerodanes.—In a study of South African Macowania species, a cis-clerodane acid (28) and labdanolic acid were obtained from M. glandulosa. Deoxymarrubialac-tone (29) has been isolated from Chaiturus marrubiastrum. Linarienone (30) is another ds-fused clerodane which has been obtained from the roots of Linaria japonica (Scrophulariaceae) and correlated with linaridial. The bacchotricuneatins A (31) and B (32) are two new diterpenoid lactones which were isolated from Baccharis tricuneata (Astereae) and whose structures were determined by a combination of spectra and X-ray analysis. 

Pheromones are classified in at least ten different categories. The most conq)lex category involves enantiomers at a specific composition (Mori 2000), implying multiple receptors. Other complex networks of biological events involve terpenoids released by plants in response to grazing by herbivores. These metabolites can be used to attract parasitic wasps for pest control (Tumlinson 1993), or, like the strigolactones (Table 12.1), as useful germination stimulants of root parasites of plants in the families Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae (Welzel 1999 Ryan 2001). 

Benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one is a phytotoxic allelochemical resulting from a two step degradation and root exudation process based upon an acetal glucoside of the 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benz-oxazin-3(4H)-one skeleton. Such benzoxazinoids or cyclic hydroxamic acids occur in Acanthaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Their aglucones and resulting benzoxazolinones act as a plant s... 

Pulicaria rivularis (Asteraceae) [leaf], Scutellaria spp. (Lamiaceae) [root], Asphodeline spp. (Liliaceae), Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae), Digitalis orientalis (Scrophulariaceae)... 

Tetramethylscutellarein (=5,6,7,4 -Tetramethoxy-flavone 5,6,7,4 -Tetra-O-methylscutellarein) (flavone) Pulicaria rwularis (Asteraceae) [leaf], Scutellaria spp. (Lamiaceae) [root], Asphodeline spp. (Liliaceae), Citrus sinsensis (orange) (Rutaceae) [orange juice], Digitalis orientalis (Scrophulariaceae) AR (rat lens) (> 10)... 

In this context, we recently discovered close correlations between auxin-induced ethylene synthesis, massive accumulations of ABA in root md even more in shoot tissue and inhibition of their growth. This phenomenon, which has been reported for the first time, was demonstrated for auxin herbicides from different chemical classes (Figure 1), such as quinmerac, quinclorac, MCPA, naphthalene acetic acid, dicamba and picloram, and lAA at high concentration, in a variety of dicot species, including members of the Sola-naceae, Umbelliferae, Fabaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Brassicaceae [35, 39, 40]. ABA accumulation and concomitant epinastic effects and reduced shoot growth were also... 

Often, however, the information available is so indefinite that the search is hopeless from the beginning. The folklore that rheumatism can be cured by infusion of rheumatism root or rheumatism weed suggests the identification of this herb with a view to further investigation. Clute (3) has listed all such vernacular descriptive plant designations. Rheumatism root may be Chelone glabra (Scrophulariaceae), Chimaphila maculata (Ericaceae), Apocynum canna-binum (Apocynaceae), Jeffersonia diphylla (Berberidaoeae), or e en Dioscorea... 

Picrorhiza kurroa Benth. Scrophulariaceae Kutki Roots Used as blood purification, stomach disorder, cardiac problems... 

Leptandra. Culver s root black root. Dried rhizome and roots of Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. (Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt.), Scrophulariaceae. Habit. North America. Constif. A sterol esters of cinnamic, meth-oxycinnamic and fatty acids resin saponin, tannin, sugars. 

S. Bacopa monnieri L. Bramia monnieri L. Herpestts monniera H. B. et K. Scrophulariaceae Ind, Pak, Mai, Phi, Sri whole plant root stalk leaves whole plant epilepsy epilepsy < nocturnal epilepsy +AUD +FTZ -MES fraction aqueous ext. 95% ethanolic ext. 50, 52, 64 34, 36, 37 65 66... 

Picrorrhiza kurroa belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae (Fig Wort family). It has radish like tuberous stems, with dentate leaves. It flowers in summer and the root is the most used plant part. 

The second group of anthraquinones found in the Rubiaceae and some related families, e.g. the Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Ver-benaceae, has been used in traditional medicine 101), for example in Japan, for the coagulation of blood 117). In West and East Germany extracts of the roots of Rubia tinctorum L. have been used for the treatment of kidney stones 16, 111). To our knowledge no other therapeutic uses have been reported for rubiaceous anthraquinones in western medicine and they do not have any laxative action 111). Some of the rubiaceous anthraquinones, however, exhibit very interesting biological in vitro activities antimicrobial 101, 127), hypotensive (92) and antileukemic 41,42) properties have been reported. 

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