Screen-printed functionalized electrodes

Other researchers have followed related strategies as described above for detection of IL-6. For example, Wang et. al. [75] reported an amperometric immunosensor to detect interleukin-6 (lL-6) using a AuNP-Poly-dopamine sensor platform and multienzyme-antibody functionalized AuNPs on carbon nanotubes. They obtained a DL of 1 pg mL for lL-6 in buffer. Du et. al. [76] used AuNP-modified screen printed carbon electrode to detect p53 phosphorylated at Ser392 (phospho-p53 ) along with multi-enzyme labeled graphene oxide (GO). 

Yang, K., Freeman, C., Torah, R., Beeby, S., Tudor, J., 2014. Screen printed fabric electrode array for wearable functional electrical stimulation. Sensors and Actuators A Physical 213,... 

Sanchez A, Morante-Zarcero S, Perez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I, del Hierro I (2010) Development of screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles application to voltammetric stripping determination of Pb(II) in non-pretreated natural waters. Electrochrm Acta 55 6983-6990... 

S. Centi, S. Laschi, M. Franek, and M. Mascini, A disposable immunomagnetic electrochemical sensor based on functionalized magnetic beads and carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Anal. Chim. Acta 538, 205—212 (2005). 

The LEC structure that involves the addition of ionic dopants and surfactants to the printable inks enables the ability to print a top electrode without restriction by the work function of the metal. Silver, nickel, or carbon particle-based pastes are generally the preferred printable electron injecting electrodes however, the shape and size of the particles combined with the softening properties of the solvent can create electrical shorts throughout the device when printed over a thin polymer layer that is only several hundred nanometers thick. For optimal performance, the commercially available pastes must be optimized for printing onto soluble thin films to make a fully screen-printed polymer EL display. 

W. Yantasee, L.A. Deibler, G.E. Fryxell, C. Timchalk and Y. Lin, Screen-printed electrodes modified with functionalized mesoporous silica for voltammetric analysis of toxic metal ions, Electrochem. Commun., 7 (2005) 1170-1176. 

A.L. Hart and W.A. Collier, Stability and function of screen printed electrodes, based on cholinesterase, stabilised by a co-polymer/sugar alcohol mixture, Sens. Actuators B, 53 (1998) 111-115. 

For example, a 21-mer oligonucleotide specific sequence for Chlamydia trachomatis [33] was immobilized onto a carbon screen-printed electrode surface. The daunomycin signal for the different concentrations of the target sequence is shown in Fig. 5a the increasing area of the daunomycin peak is plotted as a function of the complementary oligonucleotide concentration. 

Applications. A biotinylated GOX-based biosensor was developed based on a new electropolymerized material consisting of a pol3rp3uidyl complex of ruthenium(II) functionalized with a pyrrole group [90]. Because histidine, lysine and arginine functions also coordinate Os /Os , biosensors based on co-electrodeposited GOX, HRP, soybean peroxidase (SBP) and laccase with redox Os /Os polymer have been developed [89]. A metal chelate formed by nickel and nitrilotriacetic acid was used to modify a screen-printed electrode surface. The functionalized support allowed stable attachment of acetylcholinesterase and the resulting biosensor was used for sensitive detection of organophosphorus insecticides [91]. This method is attractive because it ensures a controlled and oriented enzyme immobilization, considerably improving the sensitivity and the detection limit. 

Potential Functions of the Screen Printed Electrodes (SPEs)/PalmSens Device in the Frame of the WFD with Regard to the Performance Criteria... 

POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SCREEN PRINTED ELECTRODES (SPEs)/PALMSENS DEVICE IN THE FRAME OF THE WFD WITH REGARD TO THE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA... 

An aptamer-based sandwich assay with electrochemical detection for thrombin analysis in complex matrixes using a target-capturing step by aptamer-functionalized magnetic beads was recently reported (Centi et al., 2007). The aptamer-sensing layers were fabricated on a surface of screen-printed electrodes. The high sensitivity of this sensor was demonstrated in the analysis of thrombin in buffer, spiked serum, and plasma. The concentrations detected by the electrochemical assay were in agreement with simulation software that mimics the kinetics of thrombin formation. 

These pyrolyzed photoresist three-dimensional electrodes have applications in batteries, but they are also applicative to microchip bioanalysis systems. Fischer et al. have used pyrolyzed photoresist to make three-dimensional electrodes for dual amperometric detection for microchip electrophoresis [8]. However, it is important to note that many electrodes for microchip electrophoresis are three-dimensional electrodes and can be fabricated from a number of sources including carbon-based screen printing inks, precious metal-based screen printing inks, carbon fibers, electroplating of metallic electrodes, vapor deposition of metallic electrodes, etc. The choice of material is usually a function of... 

Recently, Mascini s group has also used this method, in combination with disposable graphite screen-printed electrodes, initially for model DNA sequence detection [70] and more recently for the quantitation of human apolipoprotein E genotypes [71] in both cases, daunomycin was used as an indicator species. Daunomycin is a DNA intercalant bearing both quinone and hydroquinone functionalities, and Mascini s group used constant-current oxidation of the hydroquinone moiety for detection. Their detection limit of 1 pg mL target DNA resulted in the need for PCR amplification prior to DNA detection. 

Fig. 6.12 Assembly process of tyrosinase (Tyr) modified An nanoparticles (NPs) on chemically functionalized graphene oxide (GO) sheets by 1-pyraiebntanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (PASE) anchoring, and subsequent deposit on screen-printed electrodes. The formation of Tyr-Au/PASE-GO occurs via the formation of an amide bond between the amine residue on Tyr-Au and the PASE carboxylate functionality (Reprinted with permission of the authors. Reproduced from Ref. [152] with the permission of Elsevier)...

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