Sugar polymers

All known eight-stranded a/p-barrel domains have enzymatic functions that include isomerization of small sugar molecules, oxidation by flavin coenzymes, phosphate transfer, and degradation of sugar polymers. In some of these enzymes the barrel domain comprises the whole subunit of the protein in others the polypeptide chain is longer and forms several additional domains. An enzymatic function in these multidomain subunits, however, is always associated with the barrel domain. 

Bi Bi(sugar) polymers Antiulcer antacid Pepto-Bismol Ranitidine Bismutrex De-Nol... 

Fig. 8.3 (A) Human fibroblast stretching across the three-dimensional scaffold composed of Vicryl suture material, a biodegradable sugar polymer. (B) Histological cross-section...

Lubricants are used in tablet preparation and include magnesium stearate, stearic acid and polyethylene glycol. They only comprise at most 1-2% of the tablet bulk so that their potential to interfere is slight, particularly since their chromophores are weak. The fatty acid lubricants can often be observed if analysis of a tablet extract is carried out by GC-FID. Tablet coatings are often based on modified sugar polymers such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. These coatings are used at about 3% of the tablet bulk, are water soluble and do not absorb UV light. 

The polysaccharides are sugar polymers containing more than 20 or so monosaccharide units, and some have hundreds or thousands of units. Some polysaccharides, such as cellulose, are linear chains others,... 

When considering biomass as a source of chemical feedstock, it is also important to remember that it is not a homogeneous organic structure. The carbohydrate structures of terrestrial plants are composed of both five-carbon and six-carbon sugar polymers. The lignin component, which binds the polymers together, is an aromatic polymer of nominally propyl-methoxyphenols. In addition, there are proteins and fatty acids/oils, as well as the trace biocomponents that incorporate much of the mineral content. Therefore, processing biomass to chemical products must take into consideration both its bulk chemical structure and its components. 

Hemicellulose (20 to 25%), which is a disordered array of several sugar polymers for which there is currently no economical use except as fuel... 

Attempts to enhance the moisture content of skin, in the most elemental terms, require increasing the level and the length of time HA is present in skin, preserving optimal chain length of this sugar polymer, and inducing expression of the best profile of HA-binding proteins to decorate the molecule. 

Currently, research is underway to modify HA in such a way as to make it more stable and to confer very specific properties. Another direction in such research is to combine it with other materials, such as chondroitin sulfate and modified sugar polymers, to simulate more closely the associations that HA has in its natural state in vertebrate tissues. Since the low molecular size HA fragments are highly angiogenic, defining the optimal size of the HA polymer for cosmetic purposes should be a major goal of such research. 

Industrial caramel, known from the beginning to be essentially a mixture of burnt sugar polymers (Salamon, 1900), arises from the controlled action of heat on dry sugar or concentrated sugar solutions with or without acid,... 

Phagocytosis is a process by which foreign or old autologous proteins are ingested by the cell and then removed by fusion with lysosomes these structures are vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes (Figure 1.5) are membrane-bound vesicles that are used to break down proteins, nucleic acids, sugar polymers, and other materials that are either extracellular or... 

Although sugar polymers are less abundant on a mass basis throughout vertebrate tissues they still are important components of the cell surface and extracellular materials. Unlike proteins that are made up of four basic struc-... 

Taylor, L. Zografi, G. Sugar-polymer hydrogen bond interactions in lyophilized amorphous mixtures. J. Pharm. Sci. 1998, 87, 1615-1620. 

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