Oligonucleotides complementary

FIGURE 13.21 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides complementary to a given DNA sequence prime the synthesis of only that sequence. Heat-stable Taq DNA polymerase survives many cycles of heating. Theoretically, the amount of the specific primed sequence is doubled in each cycle. 

DNA polymerases synthesize a new strand of DNA complementary to an existing DNA or RNA strand (Figure 13.13). Short oligonucleotides complementary to the ends of the original DNA or RNA strand, known as primers, are added to the incubation mixture. 

Fomivirsen (Vitravene), an anti-CMV agent, is the first antisense oligonucleotide to be approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an antiviral therapy. Fomivirsen is an oligonucleotide complementary to the major immediate early region 2 (IE2) of CMV mRNA. By binding to IE2 mRNA, fomivirsen prevents its translation to protein and thereby blocks viral replication. Because this mechanism of action is... 

Fig. 21 (a) Sketch of the basic idea of DNA origami a long strand is stapled by oligonucleotides complementary to specific tracts along its sequence and is folded into designed shapes (b), as complex as a star (c). (d) AFM image of the experimental realization of (c) (edge size is 165 pm). Adapted with permission from [84]... 

Fig. 29.10. Correlation between analytical signals observed with probe 3 geno-sensor and concentrations of the oligonucleotide complementary to the probe 3 (C3) and of the oligonucleotides complementary to the probes 1, 2, and 4 (Cl, C2, and C4, respectively).

PO, PSs, PS, 20-mer antisense oligonucleotide complementary to the human c-myc mRNA with different intemucleotide linkages PO, phosphodiester PS3, three phosphorothioate linkages on both ends PS, phosphore thioate. RBC, red blood cells HSA, human serum albumin, a Yoshida el al., 1996 b Takakura et al., 1996 c Nishida et al., 1989. 

Tanaka, T., Chu, C.C. and Paul, W.E. (1992) An antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a sequence in I gamma 2b increases gamma 2b germline transcripts, stimulates B cell DNA synthesis, and inhibits immunoglobulin secretion. J. Exp. Med., 175, 597-607. 

An oligonucleotide complementary to 3 -sequence of the template is required as the primer. 

Jayaraman, K., McParland, K., Miller, P., and Tso, P.O.P. 1981. Non-ionic oligonucleoside methylphosphonates. 4. Selective inhibition of Escherichia coli protein synthesis and growth by non-ionic oligonucleotides complementary to the 3 end of 16S ribosomal-RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 1537-1541. 

To arrange AuNPs into a monolayer, Simon and coworkers [74] reported a simple protocol via the oligonucleotides complementary immobiUzation. 5 -Amino-modified oligonucleotide was immobilized on the substrate surface first, and then, 15 nm gold particles modified with thiolated DNA oligomers were coupled to the surface through DNA base pairing. The resulted nanoparticle monolayers were demonstrated to have a thermally activated conductivity. A similar approach has been used to insert a liposome into a DNA chip [75] (Fig. lib). 

Oligonucleotides complementary to RNA are reported to block protein translation. 

The intensity of the fluorescent spot on the chip reveals the extent of transcription of a particular gene. DNA chips have been prepared that contain oligonucleotides complementary to all known open reading frames, 6200 in number, within the yeast genome (Figure 6.27). An analysis of mRNA pools with the use of these chips revealed, for example, that... 

A third a2-suhiype was cloned first from a rat kidney cDNA library screened with an oligonucleotide complementary to a highly conserved region found in all biogenic amine receptors that had been described up to that time (57). It was called the a2-RNG (for rat nonglycosylated) and was correctly identified as the... 

The LiPA control should show reaction on lines 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 13, and 16. The LiPA control consists of biotinylated oligonucleotides complementary to the hybridization probes applied on these lines. Positive hybridization to these lines demonstrates satisfactory performance of the assay including hybridization, washing, and detection. The amplification control sample gives a clear positive signal on gel and on the strip on lines 1, 2, 3, 6,11,13, and 16. 

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