Scattering properties

Klein R and D Aguanno B 1996 Scattering properties of colloidal suspensions Light Scattering, Principles and Development ed W Brown (Oxford Clarendon) pp 30-102... 

Interference of Waves. The coherent scattering property of x-rays is used in x-ray diffraction appHcations. Two waves traveling in the same direction with identical wavelengths, X, and equal ampHtudes (the intensity of a wave is equal to the square of its ampHtude) can interfere with each other so that the resultant wave can have anywhere from zero ampHtude to two times the ampHtude of one of the initial waves. This principle is illustrated in Figure 1. The resultant ampHtude is a function of the phase difference between the two initial waves. 

Z - correction for the different inelastic scattering properties introduced by differences between the mean atomic numbers of the specimen of interest and the standard ... 

Moussaid, A Pusey, PN Slot, JJM Joosten, JGH, Simulation of Scattering Properties of Gels, Macromolecules 32, 3774, 1999. 

Results In the first series of our experiments, we studied the capabilities of optical methods to visualize internal structures of plants. OCT images of the plant show the capability of OCT to identify tissue structures at depths of 1.5-2 mm. Individual cells are clearly distinguished due to the difference in scattering properties of their structural elements. Cellular walls, for instance... 

Fig. 11 The scattering properties of a five branches - four electrodes molecular bridge, (a) Detailed atomic structure of the molecule. A central perylene branch was included to mimic an internal measurement branch, (b) EHMO-ESQC calculated T12(E) transmission coefficient (plain) and predicted T12(E) transmission coefficient (dashed), applying the intramolecular circuit rules discussed for the four molecular fragments given in Fig. 12. The dashed (dotted) line is the Ti2(E) variation for the single molecular branch, as presented in the inset, to show the origin of the destructive interference...

The typical way to open a billiard is to attach some reservoirs with continuous energy spectrum, for example, the leads or microwave waveguides, as shown in fig. 3 below. Full information about the scattering properties of the billiard is given by the scattering wave function which is a solution of the Schrodinger equation Hip = Exp with the total Hamiltonian... 

Total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) has become very popular for the conduct of microanalysis and trace elemental analysis [77-79]. TXRF relies on scatter properties near and below the Bragg angle to reduce background interference, and to improve limits of detection that can amount to an order of magnitude or moreover more traditional XRF measurements. As illustrated in Fig. 7.18, if x-rays are directed at a smooth surface at a very small angle, virtually all of the radiation will be reflected at an equally small angle. However, a few x-rays will excite atoms immediately at the surface, and those atoms will emit their characteristic radiation in all directions. One obtains very clean... 

Light Scattering Technique. Properties of the light scattered by a large number of droplets can be used to determine droplet size distribution. Dobbins et al. 694 first derived the theoretical formulation of scattering properties of particles of arbitrary sizes and refractive indices in polydispersions of finite optical depth. Based on... 

Abstract Flow cytometry is a technique for rapidly examining multiple characteristics of individual cells, by recording fluorescence signals emitted from cell-associated reporter molecules, and measuring cellular light scattering properties. This chapter introduces the principles and practice of flow cytometry, and reviews examples from the literature that highlight applications of this experimental tool in the neurosciences. The chapter concludes with protocols for three basic procedures that illustrate some practical aspects of analytical flow cytometry. 

The sources are invaluable for the tunability of the radiation, that is where spectroscopic as well as scattering properties are important, and for experiments requiring the polarisation and time structure. However, with recent advances in X-ray tubes, beam conditioners and detectors, many scattering experiments are just as well performed in the convenience of the laboratory. Although it is difficult to attain the same intensities in the laboratoiy, it is in fact easier to achieve good signal-to-noise ratios. If CuK i is suitable for the experiment, it is likely that better productivity will be obtained with a laboratory source. 

If the object is embedded into a matrix with the same average scattering properties as the considered jumping unit, then the scattering contrast from the average size of the object is matched by the matrix and the corresponding forward scattering is suppressed. It can be shown [133] that the dynamic structure factor for an object embedded in a matrix, which performs jumps in a two level system, can be obtained as ... 

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