Characteristics scattering properties

Total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) has become very popular for the conduct of microanalysis and trace elemental analysis [77-79]. TXRF relies on scatter properties near and below the Bragg angle to reduce background interference, and to improve limits of detection that can amount to an order of magnitude or moreover more traditional XRF measurements. As illustrated in Fig. 7.18, if x-rays are directed at a smooth surface at a very small angle, virtually all of the radiation will be reflected at an equally small angle. However, a few x-rays will excite atoms immediately at the surface, and those atoms will emit their characteristic radiation in all directions. One obtains very clean... 

Abstract Flow cytometry is a technique for rapidly examining multiple characteristics of individual cells, by recording fluorescence signals emitted from cell-associated reporter molecules, and measuring cellular light scattering properties. This chapter introduces the principles and practice of flow cytometry, and reviews examples from the literature that highlight applications of this experimental tool in the neurosciences. The chapter concludes with protocols for three basic procedures that illustrate some practical aspects of analytical flow cytometry. 

Many characteristics of sea-salt particles, such as chemical reactivity and light scattering properties, depend on the particle phase. At sufficiently low relative humidity... 

There are many ways to describe the size of an aerosol particle. For example it may be described by its longest dimension or by a sphere of equivalent volume. It may be described by its light scattering properties or by the way it behaves in an airstream. In a very real sense there is no such thing as the correct size or diameter of an aerosol particle. There are as many correct diameters as there are ways of measuring it, and it is up to the researcher to measure a size parameter relevant to the particular application under investigation. From a deposition perspective, it is the inertial behavior of the particle in an airstream that defines how and where it will deposit (Chap. 2). This characteristic diameter is known as the aerodynamic diameter and is the characteristic diameter that is normally... 

In practical cases, Kubelka-Munk, 1/T, absorbance ratios, derivatives, and other transforms have been applied to data with scattering properties. Continued research on the interaction of radiation reflected from different types of solid surfaces would be extremely useful. A summary of the measurement characteristics and their effects on reflected energy from solid surfaces is delineated in Table 1. 

Table 4 Molecular characteristics and scattering properties of PEB-n copolymers...

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