Low Angle Scattering Properties

The intense low angle scatter from carbon fibers is due to their porous nature and Johnson and Tyson [39] measured the size parameters for the pores and crystallites and found that in HM fiber, sharp edged voids less than 1 nm in width separated the crystallites in the lateral direction and twist or tilt boundaries were held to separate the crystallites in a lateral direction. This work was continued in order to measure the physical properties of carbon fibers [40]. 

Hjerde, T., Smidsrad, O., Christensen, B.E. (1998a). Analysis of the conformational properties of k- and i-carrageenan by size-exclusion chromatography combined with low-angle laser light scattering. Biopolymers, 49, 71-80. 

This property remains difficult to define and to estimate. The value of 0.6 g/g quoted above from low angle X-ray scattering appears high. In a careful study of sedimentation behavior as a function of salt concentration, Cox and Shumaker 263) concluded that the preferential... 

Often utilized as a substitute for a typical protein, albumin needs no introduction to the protein chemist. Because of its availability, low cost, stability, and unusual ligand-binding properties, serum albumin has been one of the most extensively studied and applied proteins in biochemistry. However, as a protein, albumin is far from typical, and the widespread interest in and application of albumin have not been balanced by an understanding of its molecular structure. Indeed, for more than 30 years structural information was surmised based solely on techniques such as hydrodynamics, low-angle X-ray scattering, and predictive methods. 

Over the years, albumin has been probed with diverse experimental methods, including hydrodynamics, low-angle X-ray scattering, fluorescence energy transfer, electrophoredc methods, and NMR, IR, UV, mass, and Raman spectroscopies. Virtually every measurable property has been determined more than once (Table IV), with each investigator seeking to establish important insight into albumin structure and chemistry. 

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