Arbitrary scaling

Fig. XVII-29. Nitrogen isotherms the volume adsorbed is plotted on an arbitrary scale. The upper scale shows pore radii corresponding to various relative pressures. Samples A, Oulton catalyst B, bone char number 452 C, activated charcoal F, Alumina catalyst F12 G, porous glass S, silica aerogel. (From Ref. 196).

Fig. 1. Phase diagram for mixtures (a) upper critical solution temperature (UCST) (b) lower critical solution temperature (LCST) (c) composition dependence of the free energy of the mixture (on an arbitrary scale) for temperatures above and below the critical value.

Figure 2.2 Electronegativity values and trends. Electronegativity generally increases from left to right across the periodic table and decreases front top to bottom. The values are on an arbitrary scale, with F = 4.0 and Cs = 0.7. Elements in orange are the most electronegative, those in yellow are medium, and those in green are the least electronegative.

Delta scale (Section 13.3) An arbitrary scale used to calibrate NMR charts. One delta unit (5) is equal to l part per million (ppm) of the spectrometer operating frequency. 

If each value of/, as given by Eq. (4-150), is multiplied by the same arbitrary scale factor, Eq. (4-149) is still satisfied actually Eq. (4-146) is also independent of a scale factor in the fr Substituting Eq. (4-150) into (4-146), we note that the two sums are equal and the stationary point value of E,EST simplifies to... 

The foregoing close agreement of the geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation results indicates that accuracy evaluations were made on an absolute scale, and did not refer to some arbitrary scale... 

Determine the degree of unsaturation based on the color changes. Use an arbitrary scale of 1 to 3, where 3 is the most unsaturated. 

Fig. 5. Physical-chemical parameters as a function of residue number for hamster PrP (Inouye and Kirschner, 1998). The parameters (arbitrary scale) are charge at pH 7 hydrophobicity a-helix (solid), /8-strand (dashed) turn (solid), coil (dashed) a-helical (solid) and /8-strand amphiphilicity (dashed). The predicted helices (Huang et al., 1994) are labeled HI, H2, H3, and H4, and the NMR-observed helices and /8-strands are A-C and SI, S2, respectively (James et al., 1997).

Fig. 9. X-ray intensity distributions (arbitrary scale) from aggregates formed by different polyglutamine peptides (Q , for n = 8,15, 28, 45) polyGln45 (dried), polyGln28 (vapor hydrated), polyGln15 (vapor hydrated), and polyGlng (lyophilized). The vertical bars indicate the positions of the Bragg reflections. The first interference peak for slab stacking of Q8 is indicated by. See Sharma et al. (2005) for further details.

One simple hardness test is the Moh hardness test it is based on the fact that a harder material will scratch a softer material. Geologists and mineralogists frequently use this test. The Moh scale is an arbitrary scale of hardness based on the ability of ten selected minerals to scratch each other. The relative Moh hardness for several substances is given in Table 15.6. 

It should be emphasized that, in any practical measurement of fluorescence intensity, the measured quantity is proportional to ip, the proportionality factor depending on instrumental conditions (see Chapter 6). The measured fluorescence intensity will be denoted JF. It will be helpful to keep in mind that the numerical value of Ip is obtained on an arbitrary scale, depending on the experimental settings. 

The most important of these are the Wobbe index [or Wobbe number = calorific value/(specific gravity)] and the flame speed, usually expressed as a factor or an arbitrary scale on which that of hydrogen is 100. This factor can be calculated from the gas analysis. In fact, calorific value and specific gravity can be calculated from compositional analysis (ASTM D3588). 

VI (Viscosity index) an arbitrary scale used to show the magnitude of viscosity changes in lubricating oils with changes in temperature. 

Relative density is usually determined at ambient temperature with specialized hydrometers. In the United States these hydrometers commonly are graduated in an arbitrary scale termed degrees API. This scale relates inversely to relative density 5 (at 60°F) as follows (see also the abscissa scale of Fig. 24-1) ... 

Quevenne scale chem Arbitrary scale used with hydrometers or lactometers in the determination of the specific gravity of milk degrees Quevenne = 1000 (specific gravity - 1). ka ven, skal ... 

Hardness measures ability of substances to abrade or indent one another. Several arbitrary scales have been developed to compare hardness of substances. Mohs hardness is based on a scale from 1 to 10 imits in which diamond, the hardest substance, is given a value of 10 Mohs and talc given a value of 0.5. 

Figure 1.1 An arbitrary scale of complexity towards the emergence of life.

The electrode potential is defined as the potential difference between the terminals of a cell constructed of the half-cell in question and a standard hydrogen electrode (or its equivalent) and assuming that the terminal of the latter is at zero volts. Note therefore that the electrode potential is an observable physical quantity and is unaffected by the conventions used for writing cells. The statement. . . the electrode potential of zinc is —0.76 volts. . . implies only that a voltmeter placed across the terminals of a cell consisting of standard hydrogen electrode and the zinc electrode would show this value of potential difference, with the zinc terminal negative with respect to that of the hydrogen electrode. An electrode potential is never a metal/solution potential difference , not even on some arbitrary scale. 

The arbitrary scaling factors on the above tensor operators are again chosen in accordance with the general use. It is seen that the triplet operator is defined also for the case where i and j are identical. The singlet operator, Sjj(0,0) is proportional to the operator E j, obtained from considering spin... 

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