Reporting conventions

The authors described several other fabrication techniques, but their conclusions are the important parts of their report Conventional scaffold fabrication techniques are incapable of precisely controlling pore size, pore geometry, spatial distribution of pores and construction of internal channels within the scaffold. They also state that scaffolds produced by the solvent casting-particulate leaching technique cannot guarantee interconnection of pores because interconnection is dependent on whether the adjacent salt particles are in contact. Moreover, only thin scaffold cross sections can be produced due to difficulty in removing salt particles deep in the matrix. 

Bilevel Processes. A bilevel system consists of a thick resist at the base and a thin imaging resist on top. Many variations have now been reported. Conventional image transfer into the bottom layer is accomplished... 

In this appendix, we briefly describe sample preparation and radiocarbon analysis, as well as the conventions for reporting of 14C data. We have tried to strike a balance between brevity and explanation, addressing common questions we have encountered. Additionally, we urge those interested in using 14C data to read Stuiver and Polach (1977), the paper that established most 14C reporting conventions and from which most of the equations in this appendix were acquired. 

A vast majority of all reported data are results for chemical pollutants that have not been found in the analyzed samples. There are three different reporting conventions for compounds that have been analyzed for but have not been detected. These conventions are summarized in Table 4.2. 

The second reporting convention for undetected analytes uses a < (less than) symbol preceding the PQL or RL value as shown in the second row of Table 4.2. This... 

The third reporting convention is the one of EPA CLP SOW, which requires that laboratories report data for undetected analytes by indicating the analyte-specific PQL or RL accompanied by the qualifier U (undetected), as shown in the third row of Table 4.2. This convention has been integrated into the DOD analytical protocols and became a standard reporting format at many laboratories. 

The advantages of the two latter kinds of reporting conventions are the immediate availability of the PQL or RL information and their instant comparability with numeric action levels. 

Samples may be analyzed by laboratories associated with each site (sometimes called local labs), each with its own handling procedures, assays, and reporting conventions, but this is not an optimal strategy. The use of a site s own laboratory poses no difficulties when the emphasis is on medical care, that is, the values obtained for a single individual. However, when conducting... 

Significant advances resulting from the use of aluminosilicate solids were made during the last few years [3-6] and the first industrial application of zeolites in large scale Friedel-Crafts acylations was reported very recently [7]. However, most of the efforts devoted so far focused on the acylation of aromatic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, recourse to heterogeneous aluminosilicate catalysts for the acylation of alkenes has not yet been reported. Conventional methods for alkene acylation [8] involve the use of Br0nsted or Lewis acids such as sulfuric acid [9], boron trifluoride [10], zinc chloride [11], or... 

Microwave dielectric heating was thus used for the total synthesis of albuterol in 62% overall isolated yield compared to 43% reported conventionally. The total synthesis time was also significantly reduced from the conventional 47 h to 40 min. 

Dimeric molybdenum complexes bearing metal-metal quadruple bonds have been prepared in better yield than previously reported conventionally. The tetra-carboxylate complexes Mo2(p-02CR)4 (R = Me, Et, Ph) were synthesized by heating Mo(CO)6 and the corresponding carboxylic acid at 180-200 °C for 15-32 min." The treatment of a MeOH/CH2Cl2 solution of Cu(BF4)2 H20 and 2,2 -dipyridyldisulfide at 140 °C for 2 h led to the formation of the polymeric Cu complex [Cu9(C5H5NS)8(SH)g](BF4) in 55% yield and the Cu complex [ Cu(dps)2)2(p-S)] +, dps = 2,2 -dipyridylsulfide, in 4% yield. In this unusual reaction, C-S and S-S bonds are cleaved simultaneously. 

At 25% conversion after a reaction time of 1.5 h, yields in excess of 90% have been reported. Conventional processes may readily hydrogenate the linear dicyanobutenes. 

Once the various detectability limits have been defined and established for an analytical method, the question as to the proper format for reporting low-level results arises. To address this question, it is pertinent to observe that the three detectabihty limits (LOD, LOI, and LOQ) clearly divide the lower end of the response spectrum into finite regions (Figs. 1 and 9). Thus the question of how to report a low-level result boils down to what region of the response spectrum does the result fall in, and what is the appropriate reporting convention for that region. 

Cyclopropanated allylboration reagents have been used to homoallylate and homocrotylate aldehydes. A zinc-mediated a-prenylation of aldehydes and ketones has been reported conventional conditions have yielded mainly the y-adduct to date. " A racemic allene has been hydroborated in an enantioconvergent manner the enantioenriched crotylborane then reacts with aldehydes in high ee to give ( j-stannyl-homoallylic alcohols. A copper-catalysed y-selective and stereospecific allylic alkylation of ketene silyl acetals has been reported. ... 

Anderson s group has reported conventional syntheses of 2,3,4- and 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-l-thio-jS-D-glucopyranose and 2,3,4- and 2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-l-thio-)3-D-galactopyranose in connection with an approach to the solid-phase... 

---