Saturated Toluene

LAC from Myceliophthora sp. Flask scale, adsorbed on glass beads in organic solvents (dioxane/water saturated toluene)... 

Degradation of 49 at 0°C in a HCl-saturated toluene solution gave Cp2TiCl2 in quantitative yield and dimethyl succinate in 60% yield. Air oxidation at 0°C of a toluene solution of 49 yielded dimethyl fumarate quantitatively. 

For example, a PE-fe-poly(ethylene-co-propylene) diblock composed of crystalline PE and amorphous ethylene/propylene copolymer segments was synthesized from ethylene and ethylene/propylene. The addition of MAO and Ti-FI catalyst 40 (Fig. 25) to an ethylene-saturated toluene at 25 °C resulted in the rapid formation of a living PE (Mn 115,000, MJMn 1.10). The addition of ethylene/propylene (1 3 volume ratio) to this living PE formed a PE-/>poly(ethylcnc-co-propylcnc) block copolymer (Mn 211,000, MJMn 1.16, propylene content 6.4 mol%) [30], As expected, the polymer exhibits a high Tm of 123 °C, indicating that this block copolymer shows good elastic properties at much higher temperatures than the conventional random copolymers of similar densities. 

This is prepared by stirring toluene with excess water and separating the two layers. The saturated toluene layer contains 0.05 % w/w water. Water is important to maintain the conformational integrity of the enzyme. 

The ultrasonic degradation of an air saturated toluene solution of polystyrene is greater than when the solution is degassed. 

Product 30% (90% ) PLE/MPEG vinyl propionate Water saturated toluene E = 28... 

Fig. 21. ATR spectra (a) recorded during flow of a solution of 0.056 niol/L cinnamyl alcohol in argon-saturated toluene over a Pd/ALOs catalyst. The time between the first (bottom) and last (top) spectrum was 17 min. (b) Spectra recorded during subsequent flow of an identical solution—except that it was saturated with air—over the same sample. The time between the first (top) and last (bottom) spectrum was 2 min. (c) Spectra recorded during subsequent flow of dissolved CO (0.5% in argon) over the same catalyst. Time between first (bottom) and last (top) spectrum was 10 min. The background for the spectra shown in (a) and (b) was recorded before admitting the alcohol to the sample. For the spectra in (c), the background was recorded before admitting CO (46).

Fig. 23. ATR spectra (left) of a 5% Pd TiO catalyst. The powder catalyst was deposited on a ZnSe IRE. Toluene saturated with various gases then flowed over the sample. At the beginning the palladium was oxidized. First, toluene saturated with argon flowed over the catalyst (bottom left, bottom spectrum). Then the flow was switched to hydrogen-saturated toluene, which led to reduction of the palladium (bottom, left). Afterwards, the flow was switched to oxygen-saturated toluene (top. left). The right graph shows the absorbance at 1700 cm" as a function of time during the treatments 49).

Perdeuterated [70] fullerene was prepared starting from a saturated toluene solution (200 mL) of C70 (280 mg) following the same procedure described in Section 7.2.2 for the synthesis of the C70H38. Of course the unique difference was the use of DC1 37% in D20 instead of HC1 37% in H20. 

Scheme 5 Photochemical reaction of C, toluene and (b) air-saturated toluene. (From R...

Fig. 2 (a-i) Series of SFM phase images (z-range 0°-10°) of a 39-nm thick S47H10M4382 film after annealing for 6.5 h in saturated toluene vapor in the gradient electrode setup. The arrow in (a) indicate the direction of the electric field vector. Scale bar. 500 nm. Reprinted with permission from Macromolecules [20], Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society... 

T-P, toluene/propanol 1/1 T-E, toluene/ethanol 1/1 E-C, ethanol/carbon tetrachloride 2/3 iP-M, isopropanol/methanol 1/1. Methanol containing 300mM of acetic acid. c Average frequency change for 20 cycles. AVater-saturated toluene. 

The life time of the O2 adduct is 12 min giving the oxidized complex. But this is the first success to have reversible oxygen binding in aqueous solution for some minutes. Also using coordina-tively bound (11) at a copolymer of styrene and 1-vinylimidazole in HjO saturated toluene ti/2 is 12 min. 

MicrocrystaUine films of Ceo molecules (Strem Chemicals, Inc., 99.9% grade) were obtained on a cover slip by evaporation of Cgo-saturated toluene solution. Ceo molecules are known to occupy fee lattice points in the solid phase, resulting in symmetry lowering from to T. However, the symmetry-lowering perturbation is almost negligible at room temperature. This is because intermolecular van der Waals forces are much weaker than the intramolecular covalent forces within individual molecules and, therefore, molecules at room temperature are freely rotating in the lattice [36]. The measurement system was already described in the earlier section. 

These media are essentially an extension of dilute solutions whereby the solute now comprises a significant fraction of the total volume. Nevertheless, the principle remains the same, namely to generate the required radicals. For example, one-electron reduction of the fullerene Cg4 has been effected in nitrogen-saturated toluene/2-propanol/acetone (8 1 1) [42]. Here the solvent primary radicals are converted to (CH3)2 C0H by reduction of acetone and oxidation of 2-propanol. 

Ferrox Test. In a dry test tube grind together, with a stirring rod, a crystal of iron(III) ammonium sulfate (or iron(III) chloride) and a crystal of potassium thiocyanate. Iron(III) hexathiocyanatoferrate(III) will adhere to the stirring rod. In a clean tube place 3 drops of a liquid unknown or a saturated toluene solution of a solid unknown and stir with the rod. The salt will dissolve if the unknown contains oxygen to give a red-purple color, but it will not dissolve in hydrocarbons or halocarbons. Diphenyl ether does not give a positive test. 

FIGURE 9.17 Dependence of productivity and separation factor /3p C6H5CH3/H2O of membranes based on various rubbery polymers on the glass transition temperature of the polymer (pervaporation separation of saturated toluene/water mixture, T = 308 K) (1) polydimethyl siloxane (2) polybutadiene (3) polyoctylmethyl siloxane (4) nitrile butadiene rubber with 18% mol of nitrile groups (5) the same, 28% mol of nitrile groups (6) the same, 38% mol of nitrile groups (7) ethylene/propylene copolymer (8) polyepichlorohydrin (9) polychloroprene (10) pol3furethane (11) polyacrylate rubber (12) fluorocarbon elastomer. (From analysis of data presented in Semenova, S.I., J. Membr. Sci., 231, 189, 2004. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 9.18 Dependence of productivity of membranes based on nitrile butadiene rubber on content of nitrile groups (pervaporation separation of saturated toluene/water mixture, r=308 K). (From Semenova, S.I., J. Membr. Sci., 231, 189, 2004. With permission.)... 

Further treatment of the samples included the deposition of fullerite by precipitation from a saturated toluene solution. A continuous Cgo layer has been formed on the sample surface and in ion tracks, similarly to previous works [4,7]. For a comparison, another structure consisting of Si02 layer covered with the fullerite on p-Si substrate has been fabricated. 

From polymeric 8 preceramic fibers can be obtained by drawing them from saturated toluene-polymer solutions. 

Further evidence of the living polymerization nature was obtained by the fact that the GPC peaks of the PE produced shift to higher molecular mass on increasing the polymerization time. The monomodal shape is retained, and no shoulders or low molecular mass tails are detected.1134 The stability of the living polymer chain was investigated utilizing the MAO-activated complex 137 at 25 °C.1134 First, the activated complex is treated with ethylene-saturated toluene for 65 min. The values of Mn versus time clearly indicate that after 3 min all the ethylene is consumed. After 65 min under an N2 atmosphere, ethylene gas was fed to the system for 2 additional min. The Mw/Mn value resulting after the additional 2 min ethylene feed is 1.14, which indicates that no termination reaction occurred for at least 60 min in the absence of ethylene. This remarkable result opens the route to the controlled synthesis of ethylene-based block co-polymers. 

Example 4.3 In a tube bundle condenser made up of 200 vertical tubes each with 25 mm inner diameter, Mq = 8 kg/s of saturated toluene vapour at a pressure of 0.1 MPa is to be condensed. The tubes will be cooled from outside by Mw = 60 kg/s of water flowing countercurrent, fed into the condenser at a temperature of 45 °C. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the cooling water up to the tube wall is k m = 2500 W/m2K. Calculate the required tube length. 

Coming back to oil adsorption, we have evidence that the asphaltenes adsorption dissolved in the water saturated toluene, is more strongly on kaolinite than on illites. It is obvious that the size of an asphaltene molecule does not permit its access to the sites of adsorption that are responsible for the water adsorption. In other words, only basal surfaces are accessible to the large and planar asphaltene molecules that interact preferentially with the aluminol groups of the kaolinite while water deactivates the more energetic and certainly less accessible sites of illites. 

---