Saturated fatty acid palmitate

These points can be better appreciated by comparing the complete oxidation of glucose with that of a typical saturated fatty acid, palmitate. 

The end-product of this process is the C-16 saturated fatty acid, palmitate. The elongation of palmitate to longer-chain fatty acids involves another system (see below). 

The degradation of fatty acids occurs by an oxidation process in the mitochondria. The breakdown of the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitate, occurs in blocks of two carbon atoms by a cyclical process. The active substrate is the acyl-CoA derivative of the fatty acid. Each cycle involves four discrete enzymatic steps. In the process of oxidation the energy is sequestered in the form of reduced coenzymes of FAD and NAD+. These reduced coenzymes lead to ATP production through the respiratory chain. The oxidation of fatty acids yields more energy per carbon than the oxidation of glucose because saturated fatty acids are in the fully reduced state. 

Whole soybeans contain 360-370 g/kg CP, whereas soybean meal contains 410-500 g/kg CP depending on efficiency of the oil-extraction process and the amount of residual hulls present. The oil has a high content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic (08 2) and linolenic (08 3) acids. It also contains high amounts of another unsaturated fatty acid, oleic (08 1) and moderate amounts of the saturated fatty acids, palmitic (06 0) and stearic (08 0). 

Fig. 1. Structures of (a) a saturated fatty acid (palmitate, C16 0) (b) a mono-unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond in the cis configuration (palmitoleate, C16 1) (c) a mono-unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond in the trans configuration (C18 1) and (d) a polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleate, C18 2).

Behavioral Diet Saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid) NC +... 

Properties A drying oil similar in properties and uses to linseed. Edible, iodine value approximately 160, d 0.923, refr index 1.470-1.472. Contains approximately 10% saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic), unsaturated acids present are linoleic, lin-olenic, and oleic. Saponification value 190-193. 

We have used the current method to estimate approximately the contents of regio-isomers of ABA and AAB in the three stereoisomers (AAB, ABA, and BAA) combined in olive oil as follows OOP (95%), POP (98%), OOL (61%), OOS (94%), PLP (100%), LLO (67%), and LLP (74%). AAB actually includes BAA. The saturated fatty acids palmitic acid and stearic acid were mostly located at the sn-l,3 positions, and unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid were mostly located at the sn-2 position. On the plant TAG biosynthetic pathway, unsaturated fatty acids are incorporated mostly at the sn-2 position. 

Soap Draw the structure of the soap sodium palmitate (pahnitate is the conjugate base of the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid). Label its polar and nonpolar ends. 

Palm oil and palm kernel oil are composed of fatty acids, esterifled with glycerol just like any ordinary fat. Both are high in saturated fatty acids, about 50% and 80%, respectively. The oil palm gives its name to the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, found in palm oil monounsaturated oleic acid is also a constituent of palm oil while palm kernel oil contains mainly lauric acid. °... 

The other fatty acids of rapeseed oil are also contained in most other edible vegetable oils in greater or lesser amounts (Table III). It should be noted, however, that the levels of the saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic, are the lowest among the major edible oils and that the level of linolenic acid is comparable to that found in soybean oil. This latter fact tends to make these two oils competitors in the marketplace. 

With the 20-1 air-lift fermenter, Davies et al. (1990) found that as the OUR was decreased so the proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid decreased in accordance with prediction. The stearic acid content of the lipid was then increased by 50% simultaneously the content of the other saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, also increased by over 50%. These results were then successfully repeated using a 500-1 fermenter (Table 9.6). 

Myristic acid (3-1) is a common Hpid component of most Hving organisms. It usually represents about 1 -2% of total fatty acids and is present at higher levels in milk fat (10%) and coconut and pahn kernel oils (14-21%). The fat of farm animals, especially of pigs and ruminants, contains long chain saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids. The content of these fatty acids is lower in the depot fat of commercially reared birds (Table 3.10). 

As shown in Table S-16 sunflower oil is relatively low in the saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic, but it is rich in the unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic. The lack of linolenic acid is primarily responsible for its good storage qualities. The oleic and linoleic acid contents of sunflower oil are quite variable, ranging from 13.9 to 60.0% for oleic and from 29.9 to 76.4% for linoleic acid. Seeds grown in cold climates (such as those in central U.S.S.R., Canada, and northern U.S.) contain less oleic acid and more linoleic acid than those grown in warmer areas (such as southern U.S.). 

SCHEME 3.2 Outline of the biosynthesis of the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (1) and the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (2) and... 

Soyabean oil Consists of 14% saturated fatty acids (palmitic and strearic acid) and 81% unsaturated fatty acids (linoliec acid, linolenic acid and oleic acid) Seeds of the Glycine max [65, 76-78]... 

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