Alveolar macrophages sarcoidosis

Hance, A.J., Douches, S., Winchester, R.J., Ferrans, J. and Crystal, R.J. (1985). Characterisation of mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations in the human lung by using monoclonal antibodies changes in alveolar macrophage phenotype associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis. J. Immunol. 134, 284-292. 

Kerm, J.A., Lamb, RJ., Reed, J.C., Elias, J.A. and Daniele, RP. (1988). Interleukin-1-beta gene expression in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages from normal subjects and patients with sarcoidosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137, 1180-1184. 

Venet, A., Hance, A.J., Saltini, C., Robinson, B.W.S. and Crystal, R.G. (1985). Enhanced alveolar macrophage-mediated antigen-induced T lymphocyte proliferation in sarcoidosis. J. Clin. Invest. 75, 293-301. 

Adams JS, Sharma OP, Gacad MA, Singer FR (1983) Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by cultured pulmonary alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 72 1856-1860... 

Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence of yeast cell wall-stimulated alveolar macrophages gained by brochoalveolar lavage from patients suffering from sarcoidosis was significantly increased as compared with patients with other pulmonary disease or healthy volunteers (Winsel et al. 1987). 

Spontaneous release of IL-10 from alveolar macrophages gained by bronchoalveolar lavage and cultured for 24 h increased from 10 4 pg/ml/106 cells in normal subjects to 101137 pg/ml/106 cells (P <0.0001) in patients with active sarcoidosis (Marques et al. 1997). After stimulation with 1.0 p.g lipopolysaccharide/ml the figures were 200142 pg/ml/106 cells and 643 1 300 pg/ml/106 cells, respectively. 

As the chnical course of pulmonary sarcoidosis has been correlated with patients individual capacities for spontaneous tumour necrosis factor production by alveolar macrophages (Muller-Quernheim et al. 1992, Zheng et al. 1995), modulation of TNF in a more specific way than corticoids... 

Pentoxifylline suppresses TNF-a release by alveolar macrophages (325) and was reported as useful in treating sarcoidosis (326,327). Pentoxifylline is administered orally (dose 200-400 mg three times a day). Side effects include... 

Tong Z, Dai H, Chen B, et al. Inhibition of cytokine release from alveolar macrophages in pulmonary sarcoidosis by pentoxifylline comparison with dexamethasone. Chest 2003 124 1526-1532. 

Zissel G, Ernst M, Schlaak M, et al. Accessory function of alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis and other granulomatous and non-granulomatous lung diseases. J Invest Med 1997 45(2) 75-86. 

Nicod LP, Songeon F, Islet P. Alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis coexpress high levels of CD86 (B7.2), CD40, and CD30L. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997 17(1) 91-96. 

Miiller-tjuembeim J, Pfeiffer S, Mannel D, et al. Lung restricted activation of the alveolar macrophage/monocyte system in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992 145 187-192. 

Baugbman RP, Strobofer SA, Buebsbaum J, et al. Release of tumor necrosis factor by alveolar macrophages of patients with sarcoidosis. J Lab Clin Med 1990 115 36-42. 

Zbeng L, Tescbler H, Guzman J, et al. Alveolar macrophage TNF-a release and BAL cell phenotypes in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995 152 1061 1066. 

Fehrenbach H, Zissel G, Goldmann T, et al. Alveolar macrophages are the main source for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2003 21(3) 421 28. 

Dai H, Guzman J, Costabel U. Increased expression of apoptosis signaling receptors by alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 1999 13(6) 1451 1454. Kieszko R, Krawczyk P, Chocholska S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) on T lymphocytes and soluble TNFRs in different cUnical courses of sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2006 101(3) 645-654. 

Dai H, Guzman J, Chen B, et al. Production of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Chest 2005 127(1) 251-256. 

Ziegenhagen MW, Benner UK, Zissel G, et al. Sarcoidosis TNF-alpha release from alveolar macrophages and serum level of sIL-2R are prognostic markers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 156(5) 1586-1592. 

Bingisser R, Speich R, Zollinger A, et al. Interleukin-10 secretion by alveolar macrophages and monocytes in sarcoidosis. Respiration 2000 67(3) 280-286. 

Oltmanns U, Schmidt B, Hoemig S, et al. Increased spontaneous interleukin-10 release from alveolar macrophages in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Exp Lung Res... 

Kreipe H, Radzun HJ, Heidom K, et al Proliferation, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-receptor expression of alveolar macrophages in active sarcoidosis. Lab Invest 1990 62(6) 697-703. 

Zic JA, Horowitz DH, Arzubiaga C, et al. Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with chloroquine. Review of the hterature. Arch Dermatol 1991 127(7) 1034—1040. Tong Z, Dai H, Chen B, et al. Inhibition of cytokine release from alveolar macrophages in pulmonary sarcoidosis by pentoxifylhne comparison with dex-amethasone. Chest 2003 124(4) 1526-1532. 

Calcium metabolism is disregulated in active sarcoidosis. The primary disorder in calcium metabolism stems from an increase 1-a hydroxylase activity in sarcoid alveolar macrophages that converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active form of the vitamin (177-179). This may manifest as hypercaluria, hypercalcemia, and nephrolithiasis with possible renal insufficiency (180). 

Steffen M, Petersen J, Oldigs M, et al. Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1-beta, and interleukin-6 by alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993 91 939-949. 

Adams JS, Gacad MA. Characterization of la-4iydroxylation of vitamin D3 sterols by cultured alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis. J Exp Med 1985 161 755-765. 

Haslam PL, Parker DJ, Townsend PI. Increases in HLA-DQ, DP, DR, transferrin receptors on alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis and allergic alveolitis compared with fibrosing alveolitis. Chest 1990 97(3) 651-661. 

---