Salt effect Saturation factor

On 100% acrylic materials the quaternary ammonium retarders are used almost exclusively. Other types have been evaluated, however. For example, saturated alkylamines (RNH2 R = C10, C12, C14 and C16 hydrophobes) were found to be just as effective as the quaternary types although other factors, such as aqueous solubility at the optimal dyebath pH and resistance to subsequent discoloration, favour the quaternary compounds [34]- On the other hand, bis (hydroxyethyl) coco amine (12.10) had relatively little effect and the amphoteric carboxymethyldimethylcocoamine (12.11) none at all, although dimethyl-cocoamine oxide (12.12) was quite an effective retarder [34]- Other cationic compounds used [43,44] have included alkylpyridinium salts, imidazoles and imidazolinium salts, alkyldiamines, alkylpolyamines, as well as sulphonium and phosphonium derivatives. 

The behavior of the low temperature Elc polarized emission spectrum of a typical MCP salt, BaCP, for different magnetic field strengths is presented in Fig. 4394). The vector orientation is H c, HIO and Ole, where O denotes the direction of observation. A relatively large blue shift of the peak maximum of the Elc emission by —270 cm-1 (Fig. 44) and a drastic increase of the intensity (Fig. 45) are observed as the magnetic field is raised from 0 to 6 T. Above = 3 T the spectral position of the Elc emission remains nearly constant, whereas no saturation effect of the intensity growth is found up to 6 T. If the excitation wavelength is changed from 364 to 458 nm the increase in intensity is lowered by a factor of 3. 

With his article, Guyton characterized chemical affinity as a broad frontier of theoretical inquiry that would ultimately absorb pneumatic studies. His discussion identified three important problems in the current investigations of affinity the determination of saturation capacities, the effect of contingent factors on chemical reactions, and reciprocal affinity. These problems took on urgency in the efforts to classify and control the operations of salts. Guyton s systematic reflection on affinity, particularly his efforts to discern disturbing physical forces and his notion of effective quantities, provided a starting point for Berthollet s chemical statics. 

When the factors affecting each of the above steps of the solution process are considered, it seems clear that the two latter steps should depend on the size and the effective surface area (or volume) of the solute molecule, and on the magnitude of the molecular solute-water and water-water interaction energies. The water structure-perturbing effects of various additives have been discussed above. It is therefore evident that the solubility of a compound in water and in an aqueous solution of a salt or some other solute may differ. This should be particulary taken into account while studying the water solubility of readily solube compounds 41) as the saturated aqueous solution of such a compound should be regarded as the aqueous medium, the structure of water in which has been modified by the dissolved compound (even assuming the absence of the solute-solute interactions). 

Cholestyramine resin in the form of glycocholate or taurocholate salts did not inhibit cholesterol rise in plasma in cholesterol-fed cockerels (22), presumably because these forms of resin were already saturated with bile acids and could not take up more. The stearate salts of cholestyramine resins, however, were fully active. The therapeutic effectiveness of the resin depends on the selectivity between the bile salt anions and the chloride anion as well as the capacity for the organic ion. Studies have therefore been made (18, 19) to determine the separation factors for these ions on various resins in order to investigate some of the properties of the resin that are responsible for the high affinity of the large organic ions for the ion-exchange resins. Since the number of equivalents of cholate anion bound were equal to the number of equivalents of chloride ion released by the resin, within the limits... 

---