Saturable effect

Here, fisAB denotes the angle as measured in liquid A, and the phases in parentheses have saturated the immediately preceding phase. A strictly rigorous nomenclature would be yet more complicated we simply assume that A and B are saturated by the solid and further take it for granted that the two phases at a particular interface are mutually saturated. mutual saturation effects are neglected, then the combination of Eqs. X-23 and X-21 gives... 

The fluorescence signal is linearly proportional to the fraction/of molecules excited. The absorption rate and the stimulated emission rate 1 2 are proportional to the laser power. In the limit of low laser power,/is proportional to the laser power, while this is no longer true at high powers 1 2 <42 j). Care must thus be taken in a laser fluorescence experiment to be sure that one is operating in the linear regime, or that proper account of saturation effects is taken, since transitions with different strengdis reach saturation at different laser powers. 

To determine the starting current, when the test is conducted at a reduced voltage (l/ /3Vr). allowance must be made for the saturation effect while estimating the value of /s, at the rated voltage. See also Section 1.6.2(A) also (the important note on starting torque). 

By the harmonic flux and frequencies Increased iron losses in the inductive machines, operating on such a system, due to saturation effects (equations (1.12) and (1.13). 

Spot size. The size of the LGS is a critical issue, since it dehnes the saturation effects of the laser and the power needed to reach a given system performance, and also the quality of the wavefront sensing. There is an optimum diameter of the projector, because, if the diameter is too small, the beam will be spread out by diffraction and if it is too large it will be distorted due to atmospheric turbulence. The optimum diameter is about 3ro, thus existing systems use projection telescopes with diameters in the range of 30-50 cm. 

When sufficient amounts of sample are available one tries to exploit the central part of the dynamical range because the signal-to-noise ratio is high and saturation effects need not be feared. (Cf. Figures 2.11 and 3.1.) Assays of a major component are mostly done in this manner. 

An accurate calculation of the heat conductivity requires solving a kinetic equation for the phonons coupled with the multilevel systems, which would account for thermal saturation effects and so on. We encountered one example of such saturation in the expression (21) for the scattering strength by a two-level system, where the factor of tanh((3co/2) reflected the difference between thermal populations of the two states. Neglecting these effects should lead to an error on the order of unity for the thermal frequencies. Within this single relaxation time approximation for each phonon frequency, the Fermi golden rule yields, for the scattering rate of a phonon with Ha kgT,... 

It is not only the solid state of a drug that suffers from ambiguities, but also the aqueous state. The state relevant for the intrinsic solubility is the state of the saturated solution of the neutral species. Since most aqueous drug solubilities are small, direct interactions of the drug molecules are usually rare. Hence, this state is usually very similar to the state of the drug at infinite dilution in water. Most computational methods disregard saturation effects. Usually this is a good approximation, but one should keep in mind that this approximation may result in some moderate, but systematic errors at the upper end of the solubility scale. 

The impact of presystemic elimination may be clearly understood by considering the following relationships among the several steps involved in making the drug available to the systemic circulation. The significance of this relationship is its multiplicative nature, since most of the processes are sequential. These relationships assume linear or first-order kinetics (i.e., there is no nonlinearity or saturation effects). 

Vulpis (1973) added pure natural boron as H3B03, which contains about 19% B-10, to the blood culture. It was then irradiated with thermal neutrons from a reactor. The reaction of B-10(n,a)Li-7 within the culture served as alpha source. The dose range was 35 to 195 mGy according to her dose estimation which was complicated by subtracting the dose due to the reactor radiation alone. The dicentric chromosomes appeared to follow a linear response up to about 0.18 Gy and then leveled off to a plateau due to a "saturation effect. The relative biological efficiency (RBE) with respect to X-rays with the doses up to 5f1 Gy was found to be 23. v... 

As the light intensity was increased above 100 mW cm-2, the value of (Rp)max was hardly changed, as shown in Figure 5. A similar behavior was observed with the vinyl ether-based formulation, (Rp)max levelling off at about the same value (20 mol l"1 s"1) as for the acrylate formulation (18 moll-1 s-1). Such a rate saturation effect, which has been found in nearly all of the formulations studied, is difficult to explain. It is not due to a time resolution limitation of the RTIR technique, as shown... 

With this arrangement a fast scan from 2 to about 100 is feasible. Either Faraday cup or electron multiplier detectors are used the latter has the higher sensitivity but is subject to saturation effects. 

The intensity of a Mossbauer spectrum depends not only on the recoil-free fractions of the source and the absorber and on the number of absorbing nuclei, but also on the linewidth of the absorption lines and on whether or not saturation effects occur. The following approximate expression is valid for relatively thin absorbers [17] ... 

This is so when absorbers are thin and when the lines are broader than the natural linewidth. For heavier samples, saturation effects come into play. In case of a sextet, the factor b, in (5-7) forms the reason that the outer peaks are more affected than the inner peaks, with the result that the line intensity ratios become lower than the expected ratio of 3 1. 

A. Westman, G. Brinkmalm, and D. F. Barofsky. MALDI Induced Saturation Effects in Chevron MicroChannel Plate Detectors. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 169/170(1997) 79-87. 

Figure 5b shows the resulting steady-state flux. / s (obtained as the positive solution for c f from equation (23)) for a range of c"M values. At low c"M values (usually associated with low values), there is a linear dependence between and r M, as expected from the linearisation of the Langmuir isotherms (see equation (31), below). At large c M values, the usual Michaelis-Menten saturating effect of is also seen. 

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