Salt Destruction

Molten Salt Destruction The molten salt destruction (MSD) tests were performed at LLNL. The experiments were conducted in a small-scale MSD unit (about 1 kg/hr). The molten salts used were a mixture of sodium, potassium, and lithium carbonates at approximately 750°C. The explosive was fed to the unit in a slurry with water (typically 35 wt % explosive). The slurry was moved to a nozzle with a peristaltic pump. At the nozzle, a high-velocity airstream (driver gas) quickly carried the explosive/water mixture through a nozzle and into the salt. The entire operation was conducted remotely. The air used as the driver gas provided most or all of the oxygen for oxidation of the waste. 

Many explosive formulations were successfully destroyed in the MSD unit due to the small scale of the unit and the simplicity of operation. The results show that while the combustion efficiency is somewhat higher for incineration, the NOx avoidance is much better for MSD. This is no great surprise considering the higher operating temperature for the incinerator (primary/secondary combustion at 1900°/2100°F) while MSD operates at under 1400°F. 

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As mentioned earlier, much attention was being given to the formation of ion-radical conductors in the appropriate crystalline form. Meanwhile, Ziolkovskiy et al. (2004) reported data on high conductivity at 77-300 K of the methyl-TCNQ anion-radical salts with A-alkylpyridinium cations that keep their conductivity after crystallization from the melted forms. The melting temperatures of the salts described are rather low and the melting proceeds without salt destruction. This feature opens a possibility to create definite, much essential constructive elements directly from the liquid phase. Importantly, these salts also possess affinity to metals due to the metal-nitrogen coordina-tive ability. The authors notice that such ion-radical salts are promising for use in electronics and microelectronics. 

Johanson, J. G. Yosim, S. J. Kellogg, L. G. Sudar, S. "Elimination of Hazardous Wastes by the Molten Salt Destruction Process," Proc. 8th Annu. Res. Symp. Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste, EPA-600/9-83-003,... 

The results in either mode of operation of the solids recirculation system with LGP do not compare favorably with molten salt destruction (MSD). Only 0.58% of injected nitrogen is emitted as oxide and 0.11% of injected carbon is emitted as CO in MSD. This represents a major reduction in emitted pollutants for MSD. 

Explosives Using the Molten Salt Destruction Process," Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA, 23rd International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany (June 30-July 3, 1992). 

Several other technologies (e.g., molten-salt destruction) are being used at research and development sites (e.g., Eglin Air Force Base and Strauss Avenue Thermal Treatment Plant) to destroy energetic materials, but these technologies are not an integral part of DOD s plan for the demilitarization of obsolete munitions. 

Berry, M.F. Singh, R.K. Nelson, RE. Kinetics of methytmethionine sulfonium salt destruction in a model particulate system. J. Food Sci. 1990, 55, 502—505. 

Using lower temperatures than conventional combustion (but longer residence times), molten-salt destruction has achieved 99.9999% PCB destruction efficiency. The salt is typically sodium carbonate (Na2C03). Because emitted particles and vapors are absorbed or react with the salt, fewer emmission controls are necessary. The process destroys liquid or "solid" PCB however, the salt bed may subsequently become contaminated by noncombustible residue. 

Aluminum-sheathed cables should not be connected to other cables because aluminum has the most negative rest potential of all applicable cable sheathing materials. Every defect in the protective sheath is therefore anodically endangered (see Fig. 2-5). The very high surface ratio SJS leads to rapid destruction of the aluminum sheathing according to Eq. (2-44). Aluminum can also suffer cathodic corrosion (see Fig. 2-11). The cathodic protection of aluminum is therefore a problem. Care must be taken that the protection criterion of Eq. (2-48) with the data in Section 2.4 is fulfilled (see also Table 13-1). Aluminum-sheathed cables are used only in exceptional cases. They should not be laid in stray current areas or in soils with a high concentration of salt. 

Destruction of the casein micelles in the milk with subsequent precipitation of the casein can be accomplished in a number of ways. The action of heat or the action of alcohols, acids, salts and the enzyme rennet all bring about precipitation. In commercial practise the two techniques used employ either acid coagulation or rennet coagulation mechanisms. 

The catalysts used in incinerator systems for gaseous organic compound control are usually precious or base metals or metal salts. The catalysts can be supported on inert materials such as alumina (AI2O3) or ceramics. For the destruction of organic compound mixtures, a highly active but nonselective catalyst is required. ... 

Although direct nitration was not possible, 2-amino-4-methylselena-zole can be directly brominated by treatment with bromine in carbon tetrachloride, the hydrogen bromide salt of 2-amino-4-methyl-5-bromoselenazole, mp 180°C (decomp.) is formed. However, all attempts to obtain the free base from this salt failed and led to complete decomposition. In this bromination, an equivalent quantity of bromine must be used excess also leads to complete destruction of the molecule. From the decomposition products an oily compound can be detected similar to bromoacetone. ... 

Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid are widely employed in the preparation of standard solutions of acids. Both of these are commercially available as concentrated solutions concentrated hydrochloric acid is about 10.5- 12M, and concentrated sulphuric acid is about 18M. By suitable dilution, solutions of any desired approximate concentration may be readily prepared. Hydrochloric acid is generally preferred, since most chlorides are soluble in water. Sulphuric acid forms insoluble salts with calcium and barium hydroxides for titration of hot liquids or for determinations which require boiling for some time with excess of acid, standard sulphuric acid is, however, preferable. Nitric acid is rarely employed, because it almost invariably contains a little nitrous acid, which has a destructive action upon many indicators. 

The molten salt electrolyte also contributes to the safety behavior of ZEBRA cells. The large amount of energy stored in a 700 g cell, which means about 30 kWh in a 300 kg battery, is not released suddenly as heat as be expected in a system with liquid electrodes such as the sodium sulfur cell. In the case of accidental destruction of ZEBRA cells, the sodium will react mainly with the molten salt, forming A1 sponge and NaCl. -The diffusion of the NaAICI ... 

The removal and reduction of the nucleic acid content of various SCPs is achieved by chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide solution or high salt solution (10%). As a result, crystals of sodium urate form and are removed from the SCP solution.16,17 The quality of SCP can be upgraded by the destruction of cell walls. That may enhance the digestibility of SCP. With chemical treatment the nucleic acid content of SCP is reduced. 

There are many parallels between phosphates and sulfates of aliphatic alcohols. Both types of surfactants contain ester bonds undergoing hydrolysis in acid solutions. In that case the starting materials are received once more. By dry heating of the salts above a temperature of 140°C destruction will occur forming the corresponding alkenes and an inorganic acid salt. In the same way as sulfonic and sulfinic acids are formed by C-S bonds, C-P bonds lead to phosphonic and phosphinic acids. 

The reactions occurring at reacting metal electrodes are associated with structural changes lattice destruction or formation of the metal and, in certain cases, of other solid reaction components (oxides, salts, etc.). One should know the metal s original bulk and surface structure in order to analyze the influence of these structural changes. 

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