Salt and Minerals

Mineral Composition Molecular mass, g-mole Equilibrium constant Solubility Thermodynamic properties at, 298,15 K, kj-mole  

Neskvegonit MgC03-3H30 138.37 -5.17 1.1 7.95-10-2 -1977.26 -1723.75 Therm 0 dyn amic Propertiesof Minerals. 1984 

Sanderit MgS0 -2H30 156.40 -673.05 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,. .. 2005 

Sinjar CaCl3-2H30 147.01 -1402.9 Lange s Handbook of Chemistry. .., 1999 

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AH of these metallic and nonmetallic ions join together in a compHcated array of salts and minerals called evaporites. Several evaporites usually crystalline simultaneously in a mixture. This often makes separation into pure chemicals difficult. A Hst of some of the mote common evaporites is given in Table 1, which also shows their chemical formulas and other mineral names. 

This will depend upon the type and quality of soil and its chemical composition, i.e. the composition of salts and minerals, content of moisture and normal rainfall during the year. Table 22.1 obtained from BS 7430 and Table... 

Many salts and minerals display an enhanced tendency to decompose and dissolve by processes involving complex ion formation and chloride acts as a ligand in these complexes. Lead sulfate has a poor solubility in water. However, in the presence of chloride ions, a complex chloroplumbate ion is formed and thereby solubility is enhanced. The relevant reactions are ... 

Typically, stoichiometric amounts of a Lewis acid such as AICI3 are required and produce stoichiometric amounts of salts and mineral acids (HX) as side products. Furthermore, undesired side reactions such as multiple alkylations and a low functional group tolerance are observed. With the need for more environmentally and economically benign processes, the development of Friedel-Crafts-type reactions using catalytic amounts of a Lewis acid catalyst is desirable. In addition, the substitution of benzyl halides for other environmentally friendly alkylating reagents constitutes an attractive goal. In particular, benzyl alcohols are suitable... 

Mamane, Y., and J. Gottlieb, Heterogeneous Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides on Sea Salt and Mineral Particles—A Single Particle Approach, J. Aerosol Sci., 21, S225-S228 (1990). 

When trace analysis is performed, well-established protocols have to be followed to obtain reliable results. The production of free atoms in the flame or furnace can be modified according to the composition of the matrix in which the sample is found. Therefore, salts and mineral or organic reagents are often introduced in the solutions to be nebulised. 

The electric membrane or electrodialysis process for removing excess dissolved salts and minerals from water is rapidly increasing in use, both in the United States and abroad. In the United States for example, as of January 1, 1958, there were only two production—i.e., nonexperimental—electric membrane plants in operation. By April 1, 1960, only 21/4 years later, 11 plants with a combined capacity of 350,000 gallons per day were serving almost 10,000 people in Montana, Texas, Alaska, New York State, California, Utah, South Dakota, Arizona, and Illinois. 

Halogens are too reactive to occur in nature as free elements. Instead, they are found only as their anions in various salts and minerals. Even the name "halogen" implies reactivity, since it comes from the Greek words hals (salt) and gennan (to form). Thus, a halogen is literally a "salt former."... 

Beuck H, Quass U, Klemm O, Kuhlbusch TAJ (2011) Assessment of sea salt and mineral dust contributions to PM10 in NW Germany using tracer models and positive matrix factorization. Atmos Environ 45(32) 5813-5821... 

Mamane Y, Gottlieb J (1992) Nitrate formation on sea salt and mineral particles—a single particle approach. Atmos Environ 26A 1763-1769... 

The chemical composition of PM10 shows a considerable conformity in these countries. Always, secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) are the major constituent ( 40%) followed by the carbonaceous compounds ( 25%). Contributions of sea salt and mineral dust vary between 10% and 15% depending on presence and distance of respective sources. The unidentified mass is some 15% indicating that the composition of PM10 in this region is fairly well known. 

Oceans are the storehouses of a variety of chemical salts and minerals. Apart from dissolved metal salts like chlorides and sulfates, rich reservoirs of petroleum and natural gas are also found in the oceans. Gold, platinum, diamonds and sand are also found in oceans. 

Berzelius s methodology had been derived from inorganic chemistry, and especially the chemistry of salts, and it was based on atomism and electrochemical dualism. It was remarkably successful in giving inorganic chemistry coherent shape, with formulas, affinities, and classification firmly in place. But inorganic chemistry, the chemistry that included salts and minerals, was much more easily handled than organic chemistry, the chemistry of those compound substances that exist in nature as constituents of animals or plants, or are derived from such constituents. The next chapter will explore problems and triumphs in the establishment of organic chemistry. 

Alum has a low melting point (92.5°C) and so it is often added to assist fusion of other salts and mineral bodies. At higher temperatures Alum releases sulfur oxides in large amounts and so assists the production of sulfuric acid. Being soluble in water, Alum is easily purified for use by recrystallization. 

The pH of a system determines the reactions that define the concentration of many dissolved chemical species in water containing salts and minerals, supplied by weathering reactions, rain, runoff, and lixiviating processes. The pH is a key parameter for biological growth and for the sustainment of life for the different aquatic flora and fauna species. As discussed in Chapter 2 the contribution of the different species will affect the final pH and vice versa (i.e., the pH on its own often determines the form of the species present). That is why the distribution diagrams of chemical species are frequently defined as functions of pH (Section 2.1.2). In summary, the main environmental processes that affect the pH and the alkalinity of natural waters include ... 

Historically, occurrences of feedstuffs becoming contaminated in transport vessels were primarily because of the failure to clean the vessels after use. Increasing energy costs most likely will discourage dedicated use of transportation vessels for feedstuffs. Contamination of transport vessels could be a terrorist activity. Likely chemicals would be pesticides, POPs, heavy metals, and cyanide salts. Contamination of transport vessels used for ingredients such as salt and mineral would ensure wide dissemination. 

Song C. H. and Carmichael G. R. (1999) The aging process of naturally emitted aerosol (sea-salt and mineral aerosol) during long range transport. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2203-2218. 

Kidney stones are formed from deposits of salt and mineral crystals on the inner surface of the kidneys or in the bladder. Often this occurs when the urine is persistently either acidic or alkaline. Most kidney stones contain large amounts of calcium. They vary in size and may remain inside the kidney or dislodge and pass into the ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. 

Although earlier work had focussed on those electrolytes which exhibited coalescence inhibition, it has now been shown that some other salts and mineral acids have no effect whatsoever. For those electrolytes inhibiting coalescence there does appear to be a correlation with the ionic strength, which brings the results into a relatively narrow band. However, and to repeat, as yet there is no obvious explanation why some electrolytes produce no effect on coalescence. 

Salt Sensitivity. The viscosity of mobility control polymers is a strong function of their environment. The ionic composition of a petroleum reservoir determines the conformation that the polymer chains assume in it. This very fact is one of two reasons why the salt sensitivity of the polymer solutions need to be studied. The second incentive for an investigation of this kind is the possibility of using the water produced from a flooded field in making the new polymer solution. Since the produced water contains many salts and minerals, knowing how the viscosity changes as a function of ion concentration is important. 

The formation of sea salt and mineral particles is discussed in Subsection 4.2.1. 

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