Salmon sperm

Protamine sulfate is a mixture of basic polypeptides isolated from salmon sperm that is used to neutralize heparin in vitro or in vivo. 

Nuclei were first isolated by Miescher (1869) from pus cells recovered from discarded surgical bandages. The principle constituent—a phosphorus-rich material then called nuclein—was stained by methyl green. A few years later salmon sperm were shown to contain a phosphorus-rich acidic compound—the nucleic acid—and a basic protein protamine. Further work by Kossel, Levene,... 

An alternative efficient approach to disperse CNTs relies on the use of synthetic peptides. Peptides were designed to coat and solubilise the CNTs by exploiting a noncovalent interaction between the hydrophobic face of amphiphilic helical peptides and the graphitic surface of CNTs (Dieckmann et al., 2003 Zoibas et al., 2004 Dalton et al., 2004 Arnold et al., 2005). Peptides showed also selective affinity for CNTs and therefore may provide them with specifically labelled chemical handles (Wang et al., 2003). Other biomolecules, such as Gum Arabic (GA) (Bandyopadhyaya et al., 2002), salmon sperm DNA, chondroitin sulphate sodium salt and chitosan (Zhang et al., 2004 Moulton et al., 2005), were selected as surfactants to disperse CNTs (Scheme 2.1). 

A critical property of minimum protocells in the prebiotic environment would be their ability to sequester other molecules, including macromolecules. [142] In 1982, Deamer and Barchfeld [143] subjected phospholipid vesides to dehydration-rehydration cycles in the presence of either monomeric 6-carboxyfluorescein molecules or polymeric salmon sperm DNA molecules as extraneous solutes. The experiment modeled a prebiotic tidal pool containing dilute dispersions of phospholipids in the presence of external solutes, with the dehydration-rehydration cydes representing episodic dry and wet eras. They found that the vesides formed after rehydration... 

Dilute 4 to 5 (ig of DNA into 0.1 ml of 250mM CaCb, Carrier DNA such as salmon sperm or empty plasmid can be used to make up the amount if the DNA is less than 4 to 5 jxg. 

Sonicated and denatured salmon sperm DNA (or other anionic maCTomolecules) may be used to reduce nonspecific probe interaction and electrostatic forces. The latter also may be reduced with dextran sulfate. High-stringency (low-sodium) hybridization ensures that complete complementarity will characterize the probe-target hybrid. 

Hybridization solntion (Boehringer Mannheim) Deionized formamide 20X SSC lOOX Denhardt solntion 10 mg/mL Salmon sperm DNA 10% SDS. 

Add 2 ng/pL digoxigenin-labeled oligo probe into the following hybridization solution 50% deionized formamide, 10 mL 20X SSC, lOX (final concentration) lOOX Denhardt solution, 1 mg/mL (final concentration) 10 mg/mL salmon sperm DNA, 1% (final concentration) 10% SDS. 

The numerous negative charges are significant in several respects (1) they contribute to the poor membrane penetrability—heparin is ineffective when applied by the oral route or topically onto the skin and must be injected (2) attraction to positively charged lysine residues is involved in complex formation with ATIII (3) they permit binding of heparin to its antidote, protamine (polycationic protein from salmon sperm). 

Pure salmon sperm DNA (41 % dG + dC), from Worthington Biochemical Co., Freehold, New Jersey, USA, was used. Protein content in it was determined by the method of Lowry et al. and found to be less than 1 %. RNA content, determined by Defrance and Delesdain s method was also less than 1 %. DNA absorption... 

Raman Studies on the Reaction of MYKO 63 with Salmon Sperm and Calf Thymus DNA... 

Figures 27A and 28B illustrate the spectra of salmon sperm DNA (1 mg ml" ) and calf thymus DNA (3 mg ml ) at pH 6.9, 25 °C, in the presence of 10 mM NaClO. Contributions to the various bands by the individual bases are indicated (G = guanine, C = cytosine, A = adenine, T = thymine). The assignment of Raman bands is based on similar previous studies by Lord and Thomas Small and Peticolas...

Fig. 18 P-postlabeling analysis of salmon sperm DNA following incubation for 24 h at 37°C in 20 mM tris-HCl pH 7.4, 0.1 M KCl with (a) OTHQ (1 pM) in the absence of added cofactors and (b) OTA (1 pM) in the presence of pig kidney microsomes and NADPH (c) Autoradiogram of postlabeled C-C8 dG-OTA standard (d) numbering of DNA adducts observed in (b) and (c) C8 corresponds to standard adduct. See 218.

The free bases (thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine) are the simplest form of product in this class. But the simplicity of these chemical products belies the complexity of their origin. The yield of each free base was measured using HPLC on salmon sperm... 

Cai et al. [7e] investigated electron and hole transfer in various polynucleotide duplexes and compared them with previous results found for salmon sperm DNA, to examine the effect of base sequence on excess electron and hole transfer along the DNA 71-way at low temperature. Electron and hole transfer in DNA was found to be clearly base sequence dependent. In glassy aqueous systems (7M LiBr glasses at 77 K), excess electron-transfer rates increase in the order polydIdC-polydIdC<salmon testes DNAexcess electron and hole transfer rates increase in the order polyC-polyG<salmon testes DNATransfer distances at 1 min and distance decay constants for electron and hole transfer from base radicals to MX in polynucleotides-MX and DNA-MX at 77 K are derived and compiled in Table 3. This table clearly shows that the electron-transfer rate from donor sites decreases in... 

Base Sequence Effects on Excess Electron Transfer. Cai et al.69 investigated low temperature electron and hole transfer to intercalator trapping sites in various polynucleotide duplexes and compared them with previous results found for salmon sperm DNA. Electron and hole transfer in DNA was found to be base sequence dependent. In glassy aqueous systems (7 M LiBr, D20 glasses at 77 K), excess electron-transfer rates increase in the order polydldC-polydldC < DNA... 

Banerjee, S., Duuren, B.L. Oruambo, F.I. (1980) Microsome-mediated covalent binding of 1,2-dichloroethane to lung microsomal protein and salmon sperm DNA. Cancer Res., 30, 2170-2173... 

Figure 5-49 A DNA sequencing gel obtained using a segment of DNA from salmon sperm selected by suitable oligonucleotide primers, amplified by PCR, and sequenced with a 35S label in the primer. Four samples were used, one with each of the four dideoxy chain terminators (A, G, C, T, A, C, G, T from left to right). After electrophoresis the shorter fragments are at the lower end of the gel. The sequence of the strand complementary to the template strand whose sequence is being determined is read from the bottom of the gel. Here it starts CTATGATAC. Reproduced by permission of Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Limited.

Carrier DNA. Sonicated salmon sperm DNA, 10 mg/mL m double-distilled water. 

Carrier DNA (e g., salmon sperm) can be added to the reaction mix m excess to reduce nonspecific probe binding. I have not found this necessary for the detection of human papillomaviruses m archival surgical biopsies, but it is often necessary for cultured cells and cervical smears (14). 

Lis AW, McLaughlin RK, McLaughlin DI, Daves Jr. GG, Anderson Jr. WR (1973) 5-Chlorocytosine. Occurrence in Salmon Sperm Deoxyribonucleic Acid. J Am Chem Soc... 

In Fig. 19 the induction of the various cisplatin adducts in salmon sperm DNA at 37° is given. The data, as measured with A AS, show that from the onset of the reaction the spectrum of adducts remains unchanged and that cisplatin has a strong preference for binding at the sequence pGG. It was calculated108 that this adduct comprises 60-65% of... 

Fig. 19. Amounts of the platinum adducts, as a function of incubation time (h), found upon treatment of salmon sperm DNA with cisplatin at 37°...

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