Saliva, analysis

Chemical Biology of Saliva in Health and Disease Chemical Techniques Used in Saliva Analysis... 

The methodology of salivary analysis is wide ranging and includes nearly all techniques used commonly in other fields of chemical biology. The methods used most frequently for saliva analysis are summarized briefly below. 

There are several other biological samples less commonly analysed these include bile, sweat, saliva, faeces, lung and bone. Of these, saliva analysis has gained in popularity, chiefly because this fluid is easy to collect. Volumes are low, however. The concentration of analyte in saliva is often quite close to that in plasma (although the pH difference between saliva and plasma means that for some ionised compounds it is significantly different). From the viewpoint of sample preparation, saliva can... 

The alkaloid Nigellicine proved to be the pyridazino[l,2-u]indazolium-l 1-carboxylate (234) and forms yellow crystals (Scheme 77). It was isolated from the widely distributed herbaceous plant Nigella saliva L., which is used as a spice and for the treatment of various diseases (85TL2759). The structure was determined by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. The carboxylate bond distances are essentially equal (123.3 and 125.6 pm). An intramolecular hydrogen bond was found between the carboxylate oxygen atom and the hydroxy group. In mass spectrometry, the molecular peak was found at mjz —246 (20) and the base peak at mjz —202 which corresponds... 

The indazole alkaloid Nigellidine (269) (Scheme 88) which was described as a zwitterion, was detected in the seeds of Nigella saliva L. (Ranunculaceae) (95TL1993), which is an erect annual plant found in South Asia and is widely cultivated. The seeds are commonly believed to have carminative, stimulatory and diaphoretic properties (75PHA2759). An X-ray single crystal analysis was performed on the methyl chloride. It is... 

As with urine, saliva (spumm) is easy to collect. The levels of protein and lipids in saliva or spumm are low (compared to blood samples). These matrices are viscous, which is why extraction efficiency of xenobioties amoimts to only 5 to 9%. By acidifying the samples, extraction efficiencies are improved as the samples are clarified, and proteinaceous material and cellular debris are precipitated and removed. Some xenobioties and their metabohtes are expressed in hair. Hair is an ideal matrix for extraction of analytes to nonpolar phases, especially when the parent xenobioties are extensively metabolized and often nondetectable in other tissues (parent molecules of xenobioties are usually less polar than metabolites). Hair is a popular target for forensic purposes and to monitor drug compliance and abuse. Human milk may be an indicator of exposure of a newborn to compounds to which the mother has been previously exposed. The main components of human milk are water (88%), proteins (3%), lipids (3%), and carbohydrates in the form of lactose (6%). At present, increasing attention is devoted to the determination of xenobioties in breath. This matrix, however, contains only volatile substances, whose analysis is not related to PLC applications. 

A radioimmune assay for PCP in saliva and serum showed that saliva could be used as a specimen for PCP analysis (McCarron et al. 

In the framework of the phthalate controversy Wilkinson and Lamb [109] used various in vitro methods in which known amounts of soft PVC materials were shaken, stirred, impacted, or otherwise mechanically agitated in some type of simulated saliva under controlled conditions (T, f), and the saliva extracted into hexane for analysis. Shaking-flask (liquid-liquid) extraction was also used for the solvent extraction of nonionic surfactants of the general type R0(CH2CH20) H (where R... 

Recently, most of the methods which have been used for the analysis of valproic acid in plasma, serum, cerebral spinal fluid, saliva, breast milk, and urine involve acidification of the biological sample, extraction into an organic solvent, and direct injection onto a gas-liquid chromatographic column (28, 29, 16, 30, 31, 32,... 

There are medical tests to determine whether you have been exposed to chlordecone and/or its breakdown product, chlordecone alcohol. Levels of chlordecone and/or chlordecone alcohol can be measured in blood, saliva, feces, or bile. Chlordecone levels in blood are the best indicator of exposure to chlordecone. Since chlordecone remains in the blood for a long time, the test is useful for a long time after exposure has stopped. Chlordecone can be detected in saliva only within the first 24 hours after exposure therefore, this test has limited use. Blood levels of chlordecone are a good reflection of total body content of chlordecone. However, the test is an unsatisfactory indicator of the amount of chlordecone to which you have been exposed because you cannot be sure how much chlordecone left your body between the time you were exposed and the time the test is performed. These tests cannot predict how your health may be affected after exposure. The tests are not done in routine medical examinations, but doctors can collect body fluid samples and send them to a university medical center or a medical laboratory for analysis. Refer to Chapters 2 and 6 for more information. 

Caspar, A., Juhasz, P., and Bagyi, K. (2005). Application of capillary zone electrophoresis to the analysis and to a stability study of nitrite and nitrate in saliva.. Chromatogr. A 1065, 327-331. 

Oldi JF, Kannan K (2009) Analysis of perchlorate in human saliva by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 43 142-147... 

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