Salinity data

Fig. 2. The effect of salinisation (NaCl, 50 mol m" at 14 days) on survival of leaves of rice plants. Open circles (salinised), closed circles (non-salinised), leaf 2 (leaf 1 is the oldest) to the left of the figure and leaf 4 to the right. The shaded area represents lost leaf life due to salinity. Data of P. Izard, T.J. Flowers A.R. Yeo (unpublished).

TABLE III SUMMARY OF OPTIMAL SALINITY DATA AND APPROPRIATE DERIVED EQUIVALENTS... 

F%. 1 (a) Dose-response curve from rats trained to discriminate between 0.2 mg kg of nicotine and saline. Data are from 13 rats, each tested at least three times at each dose, (b) Block of nicotine (0.2 mg kg ) discrimination by the centrally active nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (0.25 mg kg ) but not by chlorisondamine at a 0.025 mg kg dose that blocks peripheral nicotinic choUnoceptors but does not penetrate into the CNS (Sal, Saline Nic, Nicotine Csd, Chlorisondamine Mec, Mecamylamine). Chlorisondamine blocks nicotine discrimination when injected intra-cerebroventricularly (Kumar et al. 1987, data not shown). Data shown are for the number of sessions that began with selection of the nicotine-appropriate lever expressed as a percentage of the total number of sessions. Redrawn with permission from Tables 1 and 2 in Morrison CF, Stephenson JA. Nicotine injections as the conditioned stimulus in discrimination learning (1969), Copyright Springer... 

Fig. 6 Influence of Ro-60-0175 at doses of 0.45 mg kg (filled circle) or 0.9 mg kg (filled square) on (a) the nicotine discriminative stimulus shown as percent responding on the drug-appropriate lever and (b) total numbers of responses. Rats (n = 12) were trained to discriminate nicotine (0.2 mg kg ) from saline. Data are shown as means ( s.e.m.) for responding in 5 min extinction tests. Significant effects of Ro-60-0175 as compared with saline at each dose of nicotine are marked ( P < 0.05 < 0.01 P < 0.001, by Dunnett s t-tests). Data for discrim-...

In 25 mM sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 data from Graham J (2001) Biological centrifugation. BIOS, Oxford, p 53 Nycodenz in saline data from Graham J (2001), loc. cit., p 54... 

Ando K. Matsumoto T. Nagahama T. Ueki I. Takatsuki Y. and Kuroda Y. (2005). Drift characteristics of a moored conductivity-temperature sensor and correction of salinity data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 282-291. 

Total organic matter data from both earlier and later cores show that samples range from peats to clays (Figure 8). From these and the salinity data, it can be concluded that most of these samples fall in region I of Figure 1. 

Data from the various parameters were contoured, and a final contour pattern was adopted after differences were resolved. The first parameter to be contoured was temperature, by taking XBTs into account. Subsequent contours were biased because the structure of the temperature field was known wherever subjective decisions on contouring were required, the patterns were biased toward similarity of features from one parameter to the next. The resulting contours for temperature, nitrate, and in vivo fluorescence are shown in Figure 5 electronic problems rendered salinity data invalid over this portion of the cruise. The control data fall along the dotted line in each figure. 

On an average, the flow in the Fehmambelt below 20 m depth is governed by topography. Salinity data indicate that most of the time the near-bottom currents observed in the deep... 

Temperature and salinity data are obtained with SBE 16 Seacat thermosalinometers at four depth levels (7, 12, 17, and 19.5) and cover the entire water column from the mixed surface layer to the sea bed. Additional temperature sensors are installed at 2 and 5 m depth since 2003. Intercalibrations of the instruments with a SeaBird SBE 9 CTD are carried out during regular maintenance cruises approximately every three months. The accuracy of temperature and salinity is 0.01 K and 0.02 psu, respectively. Occasionally, failures of instruments caused a partial loss of data in a few periods of time. 

The salinity data (NaCl-equivalents) are subject to variation in ionic ratios. These variations are not discussed here but the error they introduce is less than the uncertainty attributable to log analysis. 

The geologic cross-sections upon which the salinity data are superimposed (Figs. 2 and 3) are based on available literature (Toulmin, 1955, Herrick and Vorhis, 1963 Chen, 1965 Applin and Applin, 1967 Maher, 1971 Cramer, 1974 Schlee, 1977 Dillon et al., 1979 Hathaway et al., 1979 Scholle, 1979). We divide the stratigraphy of southern Georgia into the units Neogene—Holocene, Eocene and Oligocene, Paleocene, Upper Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous ( ), and igneous and metamorphis basement. 

Figure 6. Summary results of a simple Michaelis-Menton model of molybdenum uptake by plankton including the effect of sulfate inhibition. Isolines are in units ofpmol Mo p g Chi) h and are shown as a function of the sulfate and molybdate concentrations. The cloud labelled "lakes" represents the range of sulfate and molybdate concentrations for most freshwater lakes. "Low-Mo" refers to molybdenum-deficient, ultra-oligotrophic lakes such as Castle Lake and a variety of New-Zealand lakes. "High-Mo" refers to molybdenum-rich, eutrophic lakes such as Lake Donk. Pyramls Lake is. saline. Data for Baltic. seawater Include points for experimental additions of molybdenum ("Baltic- -Mo") and of sulfate ("Baltic-y.sulfate) (Howarth et al., I9H8).

FIGURE 7.10 Solubilization plot (Vo/V, and V /Vj) as a function of salinity. (Data from Table 7.2, the two curves are calculated data from a model, and the points are test data.)... 

The oil recovery factor is shown in Figure 10.23. From this figure, we can see that the incremental oil recovery factor of alkaline flooding over waterflooding is about 4%. Table 10.13 also serves as an example explaining how to input salinity data into a performance prediction model. 

Figure 1. Maps of mixed layer depth in the global ocean as monthly averages for January (upper panel) and July (middle panel). The lower panel shows typical profiles of sigma-t (a measure of density) for a polar (Southern Ocean) versus tropical (Pacific) area of the ocean. The maps use global ocean temperature and salinity data sets compiled by the U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration as processed by Kara et al. [94].

Temperature and salinity data from the Firth of Forth were available for the period October 1998 to September 2003, collected at intervals of approximately three months by researchers from Marlab , Aberdeen. Average monthly mean temperatures, based on a 37.1 km (20 nautical mile) grid (20 latitude by 30 longitude) are also available from Austin et al. (2006). 

Related to the above discussion is the occurrence of salinity variations observed in those areas occupied by individual water types. For example, the western and northwestern area adjacent to the Central Graben occupied by water type 1, and much of the Central Graben occupied by water types 4 and 5. The existence of salinity variations in these areas may reflect the influence of barriers to flow and time constraints on mixing between lower and higher salinity waters. Barriers to flow appear to have had less influence and mixing appears to have been more complete in those areas occupied by water types 2 (30/6 graben) and 3 (Puffin field) where little variation in salinity is observed. As most of the salinity data is obtained from water leg locations, it is not possible to constrain when mixing in these areas has occurred. It may have... 

The collection of water samples obtained from 05°01 S 32°34 W based on the temperature and salinity data represent sample collections from sub-tropical water, Antarctic intermediate water. North Atlantic deep and bottom water and Antarctic bottom water all the major types of sub-surface water present at this location (13). The lowest strontium/ chlorinity ratio value was found at 4387 meters in the Antarctic bottom... 

N 47°W, with strontium/chlorinity contours indicated, although because of the limited amount of data no detailed diagram results, there is a correlation with a similar representation using the more numerous salinity data. This indicates certain water masses may be identified and their origins estimated to some degree by their strontium/chlorinity ratio. 

To investigate the trend of DO variation over time, two representative anchor stations viz. stations 13 and 20 were monitored over a period of 48 h in mixed water and seawater regions, respectively. Parameters were measured at about 4-h intervals. The water depth of station 13 was only 8 m. Two layers, namely 0 m and 2 m above the bottom, were studied. The plot of DO against the time variation shows that there was only one time when the two layers were recorded with the same DO concentration, and apart from that the 0 m layer had a higher DO concentration than the 2 m above the bottom layer the biggest difference between the two layers, which was recorded at 17 50, May 22, was 1.23 mg/L (Fig. 4.57, Gao and Song, 2008). This indicates that the waters were not well mixed most of the time despite the shallow depth. The same conclusion could also be drawn from salinity data. DO concentrations fluctuated more widely at 2 m above the bottom layer than at the 0 m layer. 

Figure 11 Relative self-diffusion coefficients of ( ) water and (A) oil as a function of the oil content in a four-component microemulsion, AOT-water-NaCl-isooctane.The system is tuned by temperature at constant salinity. (Data taken from Ref. 45.)...

Figure 4 Viscosity of the microemulsion phase (made up with the commercial anionic surfactant mixture TRS 10-80, a sulfonate with an approximate molecular weight of 420) as a function of the salinity. (Data taken from Ref 89.)...

FIGURE 6 Data from CORE sensors are displayed in real time on the web, using preselected representation tbmnats. In the example, pressure, temperature, and salinity data for the 36 hr prior to a user-triggered request is shown for station Tansy Point. Direct access to the actual data, either in numerical or graphical form, is available to authorized users. 

Fig. 4 Antitumor effect of PEG-XO (A), PEG-DAO (B), PEG-ZnPP (C), and the combination of PEG-ZnPP plus PEG-DAO in mice with S-180 solid tumor. S-180 cells were implanted subcutaneously in ddY mice. A Arrowheads point to the time of administration of native XO or PEG-XO. o control without treatment PEG-XO + hypoxanthine A PEG-XO alone A native XO + hypoxanthine hypoxanthine alone. Data are means SE (n = 6-8). P< 0.001 in versus A or . B Mice were treated with 1.5 U of native DAO (A) or PEG-DAO ( ) followed by D-proline (0.5 mmol, i.p., 2 and 4h after DAO administration). Open circles show control data (mice received no treatment). Data are means SE (n = 4-8). P< 0.001 in versus A. C Mice received different doses of PEG-ZnPP ( , 5mg/kg, 1.5mg/kg) or inactive control PEG-PP (o, 5mg/kg) daily for 6 days. Control mice (o) received physiological saline. Data are means SE (n = 6-8). P < 0.001, PEG-ZnPP groups versus PEG-PP and control groups. D PEG-ZnPP plus PEG-DAO group. PEG-ZnPP, 5 mg/kg, was injected on day 6. o Control (no treatment) PEG-DAO plus PEG-ZnPP o PEG-DAO but no PEG-ZnPP A PEG-ZnPP alone. Data are means SE (n = 8-12). P< 0.01, control versus each treatment. PEG-DAO, 0.75 U/mouse, was injected i.v. daily from days 7 to 9, with D-proline injected i.p. 4 h after each PEG-DAO administration in addition, D-proline was injected at 2 days (x2/day) after cessation of PEG-DAO, at a dose of 0.5 mmol/mouse, in the PEG-DAO + PEG-ZnPP group. All figures are from [32-36] with permission (see details in these references)...

In Fig. 6, a temperature time history from the entrance area of the Baltic Sea is illustrated. From the salinity data, we can notice large variations, corresponding to inflow of saline water and outflow of brackish water. The corresponding time-temperature curves are also illustrated in die figure. 

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