In vivo fluorescence

Hendrickson, H. S., Hendrickson, E. K., Johnson, I. D. and Farber, S. A. (1999). Intramolecularly quenched BODIPY-labeled phospholipid analogs in phospholipase A(2) and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase assays and in vivo fluorescence imaging. Anal. Biochem. 276, 27-35. 

Goedhart, J, Hink, M. A, Visser, A. J, Bisseling, T. and Gadella, T. W, Jr. (2000). In vivo fluorescence correlation microscopy (FCM) reveals accumulation and immobilization of Nod factors in root hair cell walls. Plant J. 21, 109-19. 

Various optical detection methods have been used to measure pH in vivo. Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy using an inverted microscope was used to determine intracellular pH in tumor cells [5], NMR spectroscopy was used to continuously monitor temperature-induced pH changes in fish to study the role of intracellular pH in the maintenance of protein function [27], Additionally, NMR spectroscopy was used to map in-vivo extracellular pH in rat brain gliomas [3], Electron spin resonance (ESR), which is operated at a lower resonance, has been adapted for in-vivo pH measurements because it provides a sufficient RF penetration for deep body organs [28], The non-destructive determination of tissue pH using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been employed for pH measurements in the muscle during... 

One of the main applications of GFP is as reporter gene. GFP has been expressed in a variety of organisms, including animals [257], plants [258], bacteria [259], and viruses [260], for monitoring gene expression. The attractiveness unique to GFP as a reporter allows nondestructive in vivo fluorescence visualiza-... 

Source (1) Naylor LH. Reporter gene technology the future looks bright, Biochemical Pharmacology 58 749-757 (1999). (2) Drepper, T, et at Reporter proteins for in vivo fluorescence without oxygen, Nature Biotechnology 25 443-445 (2007). 

Until recently, previous studies for continuous monitoring of hepatic function with ICG utilized the absorption mode. However, new studies demonstrate that the highly sensitive fluorescence technique can equally be used [148-150]. In addition to high sensitivity, in-depth analysis of the emission, excitation and polarization properties of fluorescence spectroscopy furnishes additional functional information about the dye molecule. In this system, the fluorescence profile emanating from the clearance of injected biocompatible dye is monitored with a small photodetector. Fig. 8 shows the in vivo fluorescence detection apparatus developed for continuous monitoring of organ functions [147,148]. 

Fig. 9. In vivo fluorescence time-dependence for three rats with normal liver function after a bolus injection of ICG. The solid line is a single exponential fit to the measured data...

Fig. 10. Comparative in vivo fluorescence time-dependent clearance of ICG from plasma in rats with normal and impaired functioning livers...

In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oncological applications, Wagnieres, G.A. Star, W.M. Wilson, B.C.Photochem. Photobiol. 1998, 68, 603-632. 

Barone PW, Parker RS, Strano MS. In vivo fluorescence detection of glucose using a single-walled carbon nanotube optical sensor design, fluorophore properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Analytical Chemistry 2005, 77, 7556-7562. 

The measured signal from an in vivo fluorescence-based sensor depends on both the quantum yield of the fluorophore, which is the ratio of emitted photons to absorbed photons, and the absorption of the excited and emitted light by the surrounding tissue.12-15 While SWNT have a much lower quantum yield than many visible fluorophores, the most important factor for depth of implantation actually turns out to be the absorption coefficient of the surrounding medium.16,17 A one-dimensional absorption-fluorescence model can be used to compare the suitability of fluorophores for in vivo applications ... 

Waters RL, Mitchell JG, Seymour JR (2003) Geostatistical characterisation of centimetre-scale spatial stucture of in vivo fluorescence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 251 49-58 Zar JH (1996) Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, NJ... 

Aita, K., Temma, T., Kuge, Y, and Saji, H. (2007) Development of a novel neodymium compound for in vivo fluorescence imaging. Luminescence, 22, 455. 

In Vivo Fluorescence Correlation and Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy... 

In Vivo Fluorescence Correlation and Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy 145 GFP PAR -2 NMY-2 GFP... 

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