Safety culture engineering controls

The ICI-MOND Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (ICI 1985) was derived from DOW one and it is yet appreciated in process industry in many countries, including Italy. In ICI-MOND index method there are some ninety elementary questions, nested in a three levels tree. For many issues there is also a forth level of nested questions. About two thirds of the questions are for penalties and one third for credits accounting. For the most of the questions a quantitative answer is required. The questions are organized in chapters for penalties section the subjects are related to materials and quantities, processes and equipment, layout, health for credits section instead the method deals with containment, control, safety culture, fire engineering and emergency preparedness. Every issue weighs differently in overall risk levels accounting. Results are presented in a structured way, discriminat-iug fire, toxic, confined and unconfined explosion. 

The questionnaire was piloted with a sample of air traffic controllers, engineers and managers from four ANSPs (different from those already canvassed) from across Europe in 2007 and 2008. In order to test the validity of the siuvey instrament, its construct validity (to ensure it was measuring safety culture and not something else), both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) statistical techniques were applied (Gerbing and Hamilton 1996). 

Some questions cross-loaded onto more than one factor in factor analysis (e g. Teamwork and Communications), or loaded on different factors in different factor analyses, suggesting that the item may not fit consistently into a coherent model of safety culture. Many of these concerned issues that were better covered by other items statistical analysis was used to determine the best - most precise - questions. An engineering-related example was I sometimes have to do workarounds to compensate for lack of resources (equipment, manpower or time) . Wording was another reason for removal of certain questiotmaire items. For instance, controllers pointed out that they could not be sure what would constitute sufficient system checks by maintenance staff when asked whether Maintenance staff perform sufficient system checks . 

Behavioural controls in the form of personal discipline is required to follow not only the safety signage but also the conditions laid down in SSOWs and for an individual to utilise engineering controls as part of an overall risk management strategy. The safety culture pervading in... 

In order to devise a safety culture and program that will actually work to protect chemical workers, we first must determine where the injuries and illnesses come from. Chemical hazards include any aspect of technology or activity that produces risk. The level of risk is primarily the combination of two factors the level of toxicity present and the degree of exposure. The level of toxicity is reduced by substitution of materials and design. Exposure is most effectively reduced through the use of engineering controls such as safety devices, enclosures, guards, and ventilation systems. 

In summary, BBS is based on the general principles that behavior causes the majority of accidents, but this does not excuse employers from providing a safely engineered workplace with all controls in place to prevent the occurrence of incidents. Second, accountability inspires behavior and accountability facilitates accomplishments. Third, feedback that fosters good communications is the key to continuous improvement, and excellence in safety must be established as the underlying culture desired in the organization or company. 

Remove the traffic cop (management), and what controls speed/ shortcuts Fear, time, engineering design, etc. Thus, there is a need to address the factors that cause the behaviors. These are addressed through acceptance and an overall culture change through activity-based safety (behavior-based safety, employee participation, training, communication of past events, JHAs, etc.). 

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