Safety alkaline batteries

Hydrogel electrolytes which include water-absorbable cross-linked polymers can show high electrical conductivity like liquid electrolytes. Thus they are clearly promising materials for all-solid-state rechargeable alkaline batteries. The rechargeable alkaline batteries have a peculiar safety mechanism in overcharging and overdischarging. For example, in Ni-MH batteries. 

The first practical silver—zinc battery was developed more then 60 years ago. Since then, primary and secondary silver—zinc batteries have attracted a variety of applications due to their high specific energy, proven reliability and safety, and the highest power output per unit weight and volume of all commercially available batteries. However, they find very limited use in commercial applications, because of their high price and limited cycle life. Development of a battery separator which will improve the performance and life of zinc based alkaline cells has been... 

Secondary Cells and Batteries Containing Alkaline or Other Non-acid Electrolytes - Safety Requirements for Portable Sealed Secondary Cells, and for Batteries Made from Them, for Use in Portable Applications, lEC 62133 Edition 1.0. 

An important area to be considered in battery selection is safety of the battery in combination with the device. Part of the safety consideration is the design of the battery compartment. In some cases, the battery compartment should be designed for maximum heat dissipation - in some cases, they should be designed for maximum electrical isolation. Electrical isolation can be important for devices which are not in waterproof containers and can result in battery short circuiting if the device is immersed in water. Small batteries such as miniatore alkaline or lithium coin cells should be enclosed in the device in a way that is difficult for small children to access the battery. Many of these small cells have been swallowed by children with the result of serious medical complications. Considerations of battery design are complex, and the size, electrode configuration, and format of the cell ate critical to the... 

Safety for Portable Sealed Alkaline Secondary Cells and Batteries... 

Increases in the energy density of primary hatteries has tapered off during the past decade as the existing battery systems have matured and the development of new higher energy batteries is limited by the lack of new and/or untried battery materials and chemistries. Nevertheless, advances have been made in other important performance characteristics, such as power density, shelf life and safety. Examples of these recent developments are the high power zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide batteries for portable consumer electronics, the improvement of the zinc/air battery and the introduction of new lithium batteries. 

Lithium primary batteries, with their outstanding performance and characteristics, are being used in increasing quantities in a variety of applications, including cameras, memory backup circuits, security devices, calculators, watches, etc. Nevertheless, Uthium primary batteries have not attained a major share of the market as was anticipated, because of their high initial cost, concerns with safety, the advances made with competitive systems and the cost-effectiveness of the alkaline/manganese battery. World-wide sales of Uthium primary batteries for 1999 have been estimated at 1.1 billion. ... 

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