Safely Ammonia storage

As a further safety dimension an ammonia detection system in an area around the storage facility may be used. Such a system would give indications of any leaks from the ammonia storage and record even a few ppm of ammonia in the atmosphere [85]. The knowledge learned on stress corrosion cracking, construction, safe operation, and maintenance has contributed greatly to the safety of atmospheric ammonia storage systems. 

When the internal design pressure of a container exceeds 15 psig (101.3 kPa), it is called a pressure vessel. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is one of the primary standards used throughout the world to ensure safe storage vessels. Various substances, such as ammonia (qv) and many hydrocarbons (qv), are frequently stored in spherically shaped vessels that are often referred to as tanks. Most often the design pressure is 15 psig (101.3 kPa) or above. These are really spherical pressure vessels and fall under the rules of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Discussion of pressure vessels are available (5,6) these are not covered in detail herein. 

Ancillary equipment, designed for at least 2.5 MPa (25 bar) meters and flow controls for pressurized ammonia feed and effluent streams centrifugal pumps for discharging into liquid ammonia supply piping and for liquid ammonia loading equipment for safe pressure relief for ammonia vapor and inerts (see Fig. 118 and [1268]). Design of pressure storage tanks and the related safety aspects are discussed in [1270]. 

NO removal (DeNO ) from diesel or lean-bum gasoline engines can be done by SCR by controlled dosing of ammonia to the exhaust line. As in many other applications, pressure vessels of liquid ammonia are too hazardous for cars and safe storage in solid form enables on-board transportation. Ammonia may also be stored on-board indirectly as an aqueous solution of urea (AdBlue ), but the storage density is three times lower and the chemical conversion of urea must take place before ammonia is available in the exhaust line (Elm0e et al., 2006). 

All liquid materials must be in secure vessels, which must be bunded to contain any spillage or leakage from the primary storage vessel. With certain of the materials -formaldehyde, ammonia and the various solvents - additional local exhaust ventilation is required to restrict the possibility of exceeding the imposed safe exposure levels for the... 

Ammonia would be a convenient storage molecule for hydrogen for operation in fuel cells, because it is free of carbon and so less likely to poison the fuel cell, or create any harmful contribution to the ecobalance. Synthesis and decomposition of ammonia out of and to the elements are well controlled. If a practical and safe transfer of the industrial logistic into an end-consumer field is to be obtained, then a powerful alternative for the generation of hydrogen could be at our disposal. 

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