Sabatier-Senderens’hydrogenation catalyst

The use of nickel as a catalyst has been investigated by Ipatiew, Sabatier, Senderens, Maillie and many others. According to Mailhe the conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and hydrogen must he regarded as a reversible process in the presence of nickel catalyst,... 

Sabatier-Senderens process A method of hydrogenating unsaturated vegetable oils to make margarine, using hydrogen and a nickel catalyst. It is named for the French chemists Paul Sabatier (1854-1941) and Jean-Baptiste Senderens (1856-1937). See also hardening. 

A catalyst prepared by the reduction of nickel oxide, was used as a hydrogenation catalyst by Sabatier and Senderens almost a century ago. ( 1) While many modifications of this versatile catalyst (, and the use of high pressure nickel catalyzed hydrogenations have been described, (, O none of these... 

In terms of hydrogenation, the Sabatier-Senderens reduction has been extensively modified, as shown by the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (or process), the Adkins Catalyst, and Raney-Nickel Catalyst. In addition, the silica black-supported nickel catalyst, and nickel-based complex reducing agents (Nic, e.g. NaH-RONa-Ni(OAc)2), have also been developed, the latter is a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst that works at atmospheric pressure. 

Sabatier-Senderens process A process for the hydrogenation of an organic compound such as an unsamrated fat and used to produce margarine. It uses hydrogen gas and a nickel catalyst at around 150 C. The process Is named after 1912 Nobel Prize wiimer Paul Sabatier (1854- 1941)and lean-Baptiste Senderens (1856 1937). 

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis The best-known technology for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas is the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. This technology was first demonstrated in Germany in 1902 by Sabatier and Senderens when they hydrogenated carbon monoxide (CO) to methane, using a nickel catalyst. In 1926 Fischer and Tropsch were awarded a patent for the discovery of a catalytic technique to convert synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbons similar to petroleum. 

In 1897, Sabatier and Senderens ( ) made a pioneering study of the use of a nickel as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of ethylene (ethene) to ethane. This investigation led to the award of the Nobel Prize to Sabatier in 1912. Since that time the importance of heterogeneous catalysts has continued to increase greatly, decade by decade, extending the boundaries of laboratory chemical researches and promoting new and more cost-effective processes within the chemical industry (2). The correct choice of a catalyst allows a desired reaction to proceed under milder conditions of temperature and pressure than would be... 

The introduction by Raney (1927) of a new form of catalyst (the Raney nickel catalyst) with enhanced activity for hydrogenation at low pressures and temperatures in comparison with the usual form of nickel catalyst as employed by Sabatier and Senderens opened up a new field of controlled catalytic hydrogenation. A special alloy, prepared essentially by the fusion of approximately equal parts of aluminium and nickel at 1200-1500 °C, is treated with alkali which dissolves the aluminium and leaves the nickel as a finely-divided black suspension. The catalyst is thoroughly washed to free it from alkali, is stored under absolute ethanol in an air-free container and is measured in the... 

Although the hydrogenation of hydrogen cyanide to methylamine was achieved as early as 1863 (Debus, 1), the history of modern catalytic hydrogenation began in 1897 with the discovery by Paul Sabatier and R. Senderens of the vapor phase hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds over a nickel catalyst (Sabatier and Senderens, 2). Sabatier has said that his interest in the action of nickel was provoked by the newly discovered Mond process for the purification of nickel by the formation and decomposition of nickel carbonyl. The capacity of nickel... 

Just over 100 years ago (1897), Sabatier and Senderens demonstrated that olehnic compounds could be reduced with hydrogen in the presence of nickel or other metallic catalyst. Shortly after, the German chemist Normann applied the process to unsaturated fatty materials. Parrial hydrogenation has since developed into a much-used process for modifying liquid oils from oilseeds or from fish (178). 

In 1902 Sabatier and Senderens (5) reported the synthesis of methane from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of nickel and cobalt catalysts. 

Other factors which might be assumed to contribute to the formation of saturated hydrocarbons under the above conditions are to be found in the tendency of carbon oxides to undergo reduction when heated with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. At this time Sabatier and Senderens 00 had already been able to show that both oxides of carbon are readily reduced to CH4 in the presence of a nickel catalyst at ordinary pressures and Ipatiew therefore assumed that an iron catalyst was capable of activating the same changes in different degrees. 

In their studies on the formation of methane by the reduction of carbon monoxide by hydrogen, Sabatier and Senderens 75 found that at 250° C. over a nickel catalyst a mixture of 25 carbon monoxide-75 hydrogen by volume gave almost pure methane. At 380° C. the gaseous product had the composition C02, 10 per cent CH4, 67.9 per cent Hs, 21.6 per cent. However, when a mixture of equal volumes of hydrogen and carbon monoxide was used at 380° C., the volume of carbon dioxide produced was greater than that of the methane as shown by the composition of the product ... 

Ordinarily, a catalyst is not limited to a single reaction. Thus finely divided platinum catalyzes the hydrogenating reactions just as well as the oxidizing reactions HCl catalyzes hydrolytic reactions just as well as polymerizations as to nickel, the experiments of Sabatier and Senderens have shown that it... 

While the first commercial installation of a unit employing the t5q)e of technology in use today was started up in Chevron s Richmond, California refinery in 1960, hydrocracking is one of the oldest hydrocarbon conversion processes. Its origin is the work done by Sabatier and Senderens, who in 1897 published the discovery that unsaturated hydrocarbons could be hydrogenated in the vapor phase over a nickel catalyst. In 1904, Ipatieff extended the range of feasible hydrogenation reactions by the introduction of... 

Although Sabatier and Senderens had hydrogenated oleic acid vapor to produce stearic acid, they did not extend this work themselves. The appendix to Chapters 11 and 12 in their book describes early work to about 1916, by others who used nickel and palladium catalysts. They described the use of nickel supported on pumice, kieselguhr, asbestos, and wood charcoal. ... 

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