Russian Code

Original trend curves given in the Russian Code were constructed on the basis of test results obtained after irradiation within the material qualification programmes in experimental reactors. Thus, their lead factor (relation between neutron flux in the experiment and in the RPV) was more than 100, and such a large factor is not allowed by current standards. Moreover, the database of results was relatively small at that time and irradiation embrittlement of 15Kh2NMFA-type steel was studied only on steePwelds with nickel content lower than 1.5 mass %, as this was the original intention for this type of steel. 

Af is an irradiation embrittlement coefficient (which in the Russian Code represents its upper boundary value) ... 

Original trend curves given in the Russian Code have been updated in the last several years, and the current situation can be found either in the last IAEA VERLIFE procedure or in the leading Russian document. The values of Ap, n and a for specified temperatures of irradiation of materials for WWER-440 RPVs from 15Kh2MFA-type steel are given in Table 5.1. The upper boundary for 15Kh2MFA(A) materials and their welding joints... 

Table 4.10 Russian code values for the irradiation embrittlement coefBdent Ap ...

While local codes have different ways of presenting things (even sizing formulas), it can be mathematically proven that their results are practically the same, which is normal given the fact they are all based on hydrodynamic and thermodynamic fundamentals and that the differences are mainly due to the use of different units. (See Appendix A, Relevant Tables And References, where an example shows that the ASME calculations are virtually the same as those required by GOST, the Russian standard.)... 

The following is a comparison between Russian GOST Standards and the American API Recommended Practice 520 demonstrating that most calculation methods can look different according to different international codes, but that the results are very similar with API being usually on the conservative side. 

Some provisions of other legislative enactments regulating radiation and environmental safety need to be revised, for instance, the Water Code of the Russian Federation and the Law On the Radiation Safety of the Ihiblic . 

Tarasova, O.B. and Polevoi, V.B. (1988) Solution of the Quasi-Steady-State Problem of Neutron Transfer inMcden andMcden-Sp Codes. IPPE preprint 1910, Obninsk (in Russian). 

In compliance with the main functions to be fulfilled and with due regard for the main area of future running (the Barents Sea, the White Sea and the Kara Sea), the specialized vessel is to comply with LU4 Ice Code of the Russian Maritime Traffic Register at the least and be equipped with appropriate reinforcement of the hull to comply with LU5 Ice Code. 

Naoumov V.A., Rubin I.E., Dneprovskaya N.M. et al. (1966) KRATER code for calculating neutron-physical characteristics of thermal nuclear reactors Preprint IPE-14, Institute of problems of energetics of AS of Beloruss, Minsk (in Russian). 

Akinfiev N. N. (1976) Balance IBM computer code for calculating mineral aqueous solution-gas equilibria. Geochemistry 6, 882-890 (in Russian). 

The three German nerve agents, tabun, sarin and soman were coded by the British as G A, GB and GD respectively. Although the Nazis had concentrated upon the manufacture of tabun (GA), tests had shown that sarin (GB) was many times more powerful, and soman more powerful yet. The Russians focused their efforts upon manufacturing soman, but the British decided that the alcohol needed for its production was too difficult to make in quantity. The British began a series of tests to establish the potency and other properties of weapons filled with the medium strength agent, GB. 

A better approach is given by the numerical calculation models. Detonation codes have been developed at the Research Center Karlsruhe, DETID and D3D, to determine the characteristic parameters within the reaction zone and outside in the unbumt mixture [20, 95, 100]. These models consider a homogeneous mixture of H2, O2, N2, H2O and are mainly applied to examine the load on a nuclear reactor containment. Validation was made against the above mentioned balloon tests of the Fraunhofer Institute and the Russian RUT experiments. Parameter calculations of 3D detonation have shown that the 3D structure is unimportant for the pressure load and that a relatively coarse grid provides sufficient accuracy [20]. 

The Harwell code CFX has been described already in the section on dispersion models. The chemical kinetics submodel specifies a chemical system of several species and reactions with an offered selection of different combustion models. Heat tr sfer is accounted for by convection, conduction, and radiation [1]. Examples calculated at the Research Center Julich include Russian RUT tests and combustion experiments conducted in a Swiss railroad tunnel. 

This work was partially supported by grants from RFBR 04-04-48224, Education Ministry of Russian Federation 2.11.03, and by the President of Russian Federation grant NSH-25.2003.2. We thank D. N. Tychinin (IBPPM RAS) for help in preparation of the chapter, Yn-lin Xn (Univ. of Florida, USA) and Daniel Mackowski (Aubnm Univ., USA) for help with implementation of computer codes, and Gorden Videen for thoronghly editing this chapter. 

The authors wish to thank the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project code 02-03-33304) for financial support and Mr. Kirill I. Tugashov for his assistance in the preparation of the manuscript of this article. 

Source Sokolovskii, AA. et al., Khimiko-Pharmaceuticheski Zhumat, 17, 1097,1983 (in Russian). Dryer code (slash separates the dryer diameter from number of stages). 

Melcor Accident Consequence Code System Russian power plant... 

Institute of Organoelement Compounds Scientific and Technical Center on Raman Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova ul. 28, Moscow, 117813 Russia Fax Int. code + (095)1355085 E-mail buklei ineos.ac.ru... 

Institute of Applied Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospekt, 31 A, Moscow, 117334 Russia Tel. Int. code + (095)9385518, Fax Int. code + (095)9380711 E-mail nxreatex cityline.ru... 

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