Russel effect

I. D. Figueroa, O. Torres, and D. H. Russell. Effects of the Water Content in the Sample Preparation for MALDI on the Mass Spectra. Anal. Chem., 70(1998) 4527-4533. 

Early workers involved in this area were able to use commercially available photographic films, but modem types are not suitable as they are made to be stable in storage. A method for studying the Russell effect with modern materials was developed at the Kodak (U.K.) Research Laboratory. Film for the present work was made according to the method published by Clifford (13). For the present work, Kodak... 

Oxidation is one of the major mechanisms for the degradation of paper, and the Russell effect has considerable potential as a tool for studying the way conservation treatments alter the progress of oxidation. Practically, the optical density of the images obtained could be determined by spectrophotometry, and a numerical comparison of sample images on the same sheet of film could be obtained. As yet, a mathematical... 

Russell effect results for oxidation rates of paper seem to compare well with results obtained by conventional methods, but the Russell effect results were obtained at room temperature and other studies have mainly been done at elevated temperatures. 

Routine methods are already available to test materials for their potential evolution of hydrogen sulfide (19) however, none exist for hydrogen peroxide. The Russell effect appears to be of use here as the sensitized film is exposed by hydrogen peroxide the density of the image produced depends on the rate of evolution of peroxide and the contact time of the sample and film. By placing samples of materials to be tested in contact with the film, an image can be obtained and subsequently the materials can be ranked in order of their suitability. 

A possible use for the Russell effect is to detect areas of repair on museum objects. Epoxy and polyester resins produce strong images on a Russellgraph and can be easily detected against completely inert stone, ceramic, or metal. Used in this way, the technique is one of the few truly nondestructive testing methods as no incident energy is necessary to obtain the desired information. 

Other phenomena which have been observed on damaged semiconductor surfaces include the following. Ahearn and Law (27) have studied the Russel effect, the darkening of a photo-... 

This explains why freshly abraded Zn when corroded by the atmosphere in close proximity to a photographic plate activates the photographic emulsion (Russell effect) (6). Cd, Mg, and A1 behave similarly. However, for metals which catalyze the decomposition of H2O2, like Fe, Cu, brass, Pb, and Sn, no corresponding darkening of the plate results. The marked abihty of iron to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide accounts for the fact that this substance is not a component of ferrous corrosion products. 

A. MORRIS AND A. D. RUSSELL EFFECTS ON BACTERIAL CELL WALL SYNTHESIS... 

T. Xu, J. T. Godbach, j. Leiston-Belanger, and T. P. Russell, "Effect of Ionic Impurities on the Electric Field Alignment of Diblock Copolymer Thin Films," Polymer. 282,927-931 (2004). 

Kim, Y.J., RH. Liu, D.R. Bond, and J.B. Russell. Effect of Linoleic Acid Concentration on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production by ButyrivibriofibriosolvensA38. 

Daniels, V. D. (1984). The Russell effect - a review of its possible uses in conservation and the scientific examination of materials. Studies in Conservation, 29(2), 57-62. 

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