Rotavirus diarrhoea

Rotavirus Diarrhoea 20-50 ml c/day for 3 days Prevented infection in healthy children Ebina et al. (1985)... 

Rotavirus Diarrhoea 10 g cw/day for 4 days Shortened duration and decreased severity of diarrhoea in infected children Sarker et al. (1998)... 

Viruses are small infectious agents composed of a nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) encased by structural proteins and in some cases a lipid envelope. They are the causative agents of a number of human infectious diseases, the most important for public health today being acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, influenza, measles, and vituses causing diarrhoea (e.g., rotavirus). In addition, certain viruses contribute to the development of cancer. Antiviral drugs inhibit viral replication by specifically targeting viral enzymes or functions and are used to treat specific virus-associated diseases. 

Active immunization against rotavirus (causes severe childhood diarrhoea)... 

Mitra, A.K., Mahalanabis, D., Unicomb, L., Eeckels, R., and Tzipori, S. 1995. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhoea due to rotavirus a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84, 996-1001. 

The most frequent cause of traveller s diarrhoea is E. coli but other bacterial causes include C. jejuni and Salmonella species. A minority of cases appear to involve viral infection, such as rotavirus. 

Inflammatory and infectious diarrhoea. Examples of pathogens frequently associated with infectious diarrhoea include bacteria, Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, viruses, rotaviruses, coronaviruses, parvoviruses (canine and feline), norovirus and protozoa, coccidia species, Cryptosporium and Giardia. The immune response to inflammatory conditions in the bowel contributes substantively to development of diarrhoea. Activation of white blood... 

Oral rehydration therapy is a simple, cheap and effective treatment for diarrhoea-related dehydration, such as that caused by cholera or rotavirus. It consists of a solution of salt and glucose and is administered orally. It has saved millions of children from diarrhoea, stiU a leading cause of death, particularly in the developing world. The standard manufactured WHO/UNICEF solution contains ... 

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide and every year it kills 600,000 children below the age of five. A new vaccine for rotavirus is about to be licensed, in the hope of saving tens of thousand of young lives. ... 

Saavedra, J.M., Bauman, N.A., Oung, I., Perman, J.A., and Yolken, R.H. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus, Lancet, 344,1046,1994. 

KOnig and Gratzel published details of a sensor for the detection of diarrhoea-causing bacteria and viruses [9]. Immunosensors were described for the detection of rotavirus and adenovirus. Both viruses were measured linearly from lO to 10 ° virions. As explained earher, protein A was shown to be the most favourable immobilisation method but immobilisation using silane and polyethyleneimine showed a 40% increase in response when detecting rotavirus in stool samples. 

Human rotavirus (HRV), a member of the Reoviridae, is a non-enveloped virus which is the major etiologic agent of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in children worldwide. For the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis, intravenous fluid administration has been used successfully for dehydration from diarrhoea. However, in the case of... 

Probiotic strains have been evaluated for their anti-diarrhoeal capabilities, with some proving more successful than others (Table 6.1). L. rhamnosnus GG has repeatedly been shown to reduce the duration of diarrhoea by about 50% in patients with acute infantile diarrhoea caused by rotavirus (Isolauri et al. 1999). The mechanisms of action have not been fidly elucidated but may involve fortification of the mucosal integrity and/or stimulation of specific anti-rotavirus IgA. Other probiotic strains have been shown to reduce the incidence of rotaviral diarrhoea, that is, B. hifidum given in conjunction with S. thermophilus in standard milk formula (Saavedra etal. 1994). 

Epidemiological smdies have indicated that viral infections are the most common cause of acute disease that does not require hospitalisation in developed countries, the most common being upper respiratory tract infections. In contrast, viral infections such as measles, mumps, mbella and rotavirus infections, which cause diarrhoea, are important causes of infant mortality, whilst the viral infection HIV remains a major cause of adult mortality and morbidity in devdoping countries. Host cdls that allow viral replication are termed permissive. The production of infective progeny usually results in host cdl death. For this reason, the infections are termed cytocidal (or cytolytic). 

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